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nd　his　vessels；　without　him；　made　a　fishing　expedition　to　Newfoundland。

It　must　have　been　in　the　summer　of　this　year　that　he　was　at　Plymouth　with　divers　of　his　personal　friends；　and　only　a　hundred　pounds　among　them　all。　　He　had　acquainted　the　nobility　with　his　projects；　and　was　afraid　to　see　the　Prince　Royal　before　he　had　accomplished　anything；　〃but　their　great　promises　were　nothing　but　air　to　prepare　the　voyage　against　the　next　year。〃　　He　spent　that　summer　in　the　west　of　England；　visiting　〃Bristol；　Exeter；　Bastable？　Bodman；　Perin；　Foy；　Milborow；　Saltash；　Dartmouth；　Absom；　Pattnesse；　and　the　most　of　the　gentry　in　Cornwall　and　Devonshire；　giving　them　books　and　maps；〃　and　inciting　them　to　help　his　enterprise。

So　well　did　he　succeed；　he　says；　that　they　promised　him　twenty　sail　of　ships　to　go　with　him　the　next　year；　and　to　pay　him　for　his　pains　and　former　losses。　　The　western　commissioners；　in　behalf　of　the　company；　contracted　with　him；　under　indented　articles；　〃to　be　admiral　of　that　country　during　my　life；　and　in　the　renewing　of　the　letters…　patent　so　to　be　nominated〃；　half　the　profits　of　the　enterprise　to　be　theirs；　and　half　to　go　to　Smith　and　his　companions。

Nothing　seems　to　have　come　out　of　this　promising　induction　except　the　title　of　〃Admiral　of　New　England；〃　which　Smith　straightway　assumed　and　wore　all　his　life；　styling　himself　on　the　title…page　of　everything　he　printed；　〃Sometime　Governor　of　Virginia　and　Admiral　of　New　England。〃　　As　the　generous　Captain　had　before　this　time　assumed　this　title；　the　failure　of　the　contract　could　not　much　annoy　him。　　He　had　about　as　good　right　to　take　the　sounding　name　of　Admiral　as　merchants　of　the　west　of　England　had　to　propose　to　give　it　to　him。

The　years　wore　away；　and　Smith　was　beseeching　aid；　republishing　his　works；　which　grew　into　new　forms　with　each　issue；　and　no　doubt　making　himself　a　bore　wherever　he　was　known。　　The　first　edition　of　〃New　England's　Trials〃by　which　he　meant　the　various　trials　and　attempts　to　settle　New　England　was　published　in　1620。　　It　was　to　some　extent　a　repetition　of　his　〃Description〃　of　1616。　　In　it　he　made　no　reference　to　Pocahontas。　　But　in　the　edition　of　1622；　which　is　dedicated　to　Charles；　Prince　of　Wales；　and　considerably　enlarged；　he　drops　into　this　remark　about　his　experience　at　Jamestown：　〃It　Is　true　in　our　greatest　extremitie　they　shot　me；　slue　three　of　my　men；　and　by　the　folly　of　them　that　fled　tooke　me　prisoner；　yet　God　made　Pocahontas　the　king's　daughter　the　meanes　to　deliver　me：　and　thereby　taught　me　to　know　their　treacheries　to　preserve　the　rest。　　＇This　is　evidently　an　allusion　to　the　warning　Pocahontas　gave　him　at　Werowocomoco。＇　　It　was　also　my　chance　in　single　combat　to　take　the　king　of　Paspahegh　prisoner；　and　by　keeping　him；　forced　his　subjects　to　work　in　chains　till　I　made　all　the　country　pay　contribution　having　little　else　whereon　to　live。〃

This　was　written　after　he　had　heard　of　the　horrible　massacre　of　1622　at　Jamestown；　and　he　cannot　resist　the　temptation　to　draw　a　contrast　between　the　present　and　his　own　management。　　He　explains　that　the　Indians　did　not　kill　the　English　because　they　were　Christians；　but　to　get　their　weapons　and　commodities。　　How　different　it　was　when　he　was　in　Virginia。　　〃I　kept　that　country　with　but　38；　and　had　not　to　eat　but　what　we　had　from　the　savages。　　When　I　had　ten　men　able　to　go　abroad；　our　commonwealth　was　very　strong：　with　such　a　number　I　ranged　that　unknown　country　14　weeks：　I　had　but　18　to　subdue　them　all。〃　This　is　better　than　Sir　John　Falstaff。　　But　he　goes　on：　〃When　I　first　went　to　those　desperate　designes　it　cost　me　many　a　forgotten　pound　to　hire　men　to　go；　and　procrastination　caused　more　run　away　than　went。〃　〃Twise　in　that　time　I　was　President。〃　　＇It　will　be　remembered　that　about　the　close　of　his　first　year　he　gave　up　the　command；　for　form's　sake；　to　Capt。　　Martin；　for　three　hours；　and　then　took　it　again。＇　〃To　range　this　country　of　New　England　in　like　manner；　I　had　but　eight；　as　is　said；　and　amongst　their　bruite　conditions　I　met　many　of　their　silly　encounters；　and　without　any　hurt；　God　be　thanked。〃　　The　valiant　Captain　had　come　by　this　time　to　regard　himself　as　the　inventor　and　discoverer　of　Virginia　and　New　England；　which　were　explored　and　settled　at　the　cost　of　his　private　pocket；　and　which　he　is　not　ashamed　to　say　cannot　fare　well　in　his　absence。　　Smith；　with　all　his　good　opinion　of　himself；　could　not　have　imagined　how　delicious　his　character　would　be　to　readers　in　after…times。　　As　he　goes　on　he　warms　up：　〃Thus　you　may　see　plainly　the　yearly　success　from　New　England　by　Virginia；　which　hath　been　so　costly　to　this　kingdom　and　so　dear　to　me。

By　that　acquaintance　I　have　with　them　I　may　call　them　my　children　＇he　spent　between　two　and　three　months　on　the　New　England　coast＇　for　they　have　been　my　wife；　my　hawks；　my　hounds；　my　cards；　my　dice；　and　total　my　best　content；　as　indifferent　to　my　heart　as　my　left　hand　to　my　right。。。。　　Were　there　not　one　Englishman　remaining　I　would　yet　begin　again　as　I　did　at　the　first；　not　that　I　have　any　secret　encouragement　for　any　I　protest；　more　than　lamentable　experiences；　for　all　their　discoveries　I　can　yet　hear　of　are　but　pigs　of　my　sowe：　nor　more　strange　to　me　than　to　hear　one　tell　me　he　hath　gone　from　Billingate　and　discovered　Greenwich！〃

As　to　the　charge　that　he　was　unfortunate；　which　we　should　think　might　have　become　current　from　the　Captain's　own　narratives；　he　tells　his　maligners　that　if　they　had　spent　their　time　as　he　had　done；　they　would　rather　believe　in　God　than　in　their　own　calculations；　and　peradventure　might　have　had　to　give　as　bad　an　account　of　their　actions。　　It　is　strange　they　should　tax　him　before　they　have　tried　what　he　tried　in　Asia；　Europe；　and　America；　where　he　never　needed　to　importune　for　a　reward；　nor　ever　could　learn　to　beg：　〃These　sixteen　years　I　have　spared　neither　pains　nor　money；　according　to　my　ability；　first　to　procure　his　majesty's　letters　patent；　and　a　Company　here　to　be　the　means　to　raise　a　company　to　go　with　me　to　Virginia　＇this　is　the　expedition　of　1606　in　which　he　was　without　command＇　as　is　said：　which　beginning　here　and　there　cost　me　near　five　years　work；　and　more　than　500　pounds　of　my　own　estate；　besides　all　the　dangers；　miseries　and　encumbrances　I　endured　gratis；　where　I　stayed　till　I　left　500　better　provided　than　ever　I　was：　from　which　blessed　Virgin　（ere　I　returned）　sprung　the　fortunate　habitation　of　Somer　Isles。〃　　〃Ere　I　returned〃　is　in　Smith's　best　vein。　　The　casual　reader　would　certainly　conclude　that　the　Somers　Isles　were　somehow　due　to　the　providence　of　John　Smith；　when　in　fact　he　never　even　heard　that　Gates　and　Smith　were　shipwrecked　there　till　he　had　returned　to　England；　sent　home　from　Virginia。　　Neill　says　that　Smith　ventured　L　9　in　the　Virginia　company！　　But　he　does　not　say　where　he　got　the　money。

New　England；　he　affirms；　hath　been　nearly　as　chargeable　to　him　and　his　friends：　he　never　got　a　shilling　but　it　cost　him　a　pound。　　And　now；　when　New　England　is　prosperous　and　a　certainty；　〃what　think　you　I　undertook　when　nothing　was　known；　but　that　there　was　a　vast　land。〃　These　are　some　of　the　considerations　by　which　he　urges　the　company　to　fit　out　an　expedition　for　him：　〃thus　betwixt　the　spur　of　desire　and　the　bridle　of　reason　I　am　near　ridden　to　death　in　a　ring　of　despair；　the　reins　are　in　your　hands；　therefore　I　entreat　you　to　ease　me。〃

The　Admiral　of　New　England；　who　since　he　enjoyed　the　title　had　had　neither　ship；　nor　sailor；　nor　rod　of　land；　nor　cubic　yard　of　salt　water　under　his　command；　was　not　successful　in　his　several　〃Trials。〃　And　in　the　hodge…podge　compilation　from　himself　and　others；　which　he　had　put　together　shortly　after；the　〃General　Historie；〃　he　pathetically　exclaims：　〃Now　all　these　proofs　and　this　relation；　I　now　called　New　England's　Trials。　　I　caused　two　or　three　thousand　of　them　to　be　printed；　one　thousand　with　a　great　many　maps　both　of　Virginia　and　New　England；　I　presented　to　thirty　of　the　chief　companies　in　London　at　their　Halls；　desiring　either　generally　or　particularly　（them　that　would）　to　imbrace　it　and　by　the　use　of　a　stock　of　five　thousand　pounds　to　ease　them　of　the　superfluity　of　most　of　their　companies　that　had　but　strength　and　health　to　labor；　near　a　year　I　spent　to　understand　their　resolutions；　which　was　to　me　a　greater　toil　and　torment；　than　to　have　been　in　New　England　about　my　business　but　with　bread　and　water；　and　what　I　could　get　by　my　labor；　but　in　conclusion；　seeing　nothing　would　be　effected　I　was　contented　as　well　with　this　loss　of　time　and　change　as　all　the　rest。〃

In　his　〃Advertisements〃　he　says　that　at　his　own　labor；　cost；　and　loss　he　had　〃divulged　more　than　seven　thousand　books　and　maps；〃　in　order　to　influence　the　companies；　merchants　and　gentlemen　to　make　a　plantation；　but　〃all　availed　no　more　than　to　hew　Rocks　with　Oister…　shels。〃

His　suggestions　about　colonizing　were　always　sensible。　　But　we　can　imagine　the　group　of　merchants　in　Cheapside　gradually　dissolving　as　Smith　hove　in　sight　with　his　maps　and　demonstrations。

In　1618；　Smith　addressed　a　letter　directly　to　Lord　Bacon；　to　which　there　seems　to　have　been　no　answer。　　The　body　of　it　was　a　condensation　of　what　he　had　repeatedly　written　about　New　England；　and　the　advantage　to　England　of　occupying　the　fisheries。　　〃This　nineteen　years；〃　he　writes；　〃I　have　encountered　no　few　dangers　to　learn　what　here　I　write　in　these　few　leaves：。。。　　their　fruits　I　am　certain　may　bring　both　wealth　and　honor　for　a　crown　and　a　kingdom　to　his　majesty's　posterity。〃　　With　5；000；　pounds　he　will　undertake　to　establish　a　colony；　and　he　asks　of　his　Majesty　a　pinnace　to　lodge　his　men　and　defend　the　coast　for　a　few　months；　until　the　colony　gets　settled。　　Notwithstanding　his　disappointments　and　losses；　he　is　still　patriotic；　and　offers　his　experience　to　his　country：　〃Should　I　present　it　to　the　Biskayners；　French　and　Hollanders；　they　have　made　me　large　offers。　　But　nature　doth　bind　me　thus　to　beg　at　home；　whom　strangers　have　pleased　to　create　a　commander　abroad。。。。　　Though　I　can　promise　no　mines　of　gold；　the　Hollanders　are　an　example　of　my　project；　whose　endeavors　by　fishing　cannot　be　suppressed　by　all　the　King　of　Spain's　golden　powers。　　Worth　is　more　than　wealth；　and　industrious　subjects　are　more　to　a　kingdom　than　gold。　　And　this　is　so　certain　a　course　to　get　b