anomalies and curiosities of medicine-第18部分

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Hamill　reports　an　instance　of　morning…sickness　in　a　husband　two　weeks　after　the　appearance　of　menstruation　in　the　wife　for　the　last　time。　He　had　daily　attacks；　and　it　was　not　until　the　failure　of　the　next　menses　that　the　woman　had　any　other　sign　of　pregnancy　than　her　husband's　nausea。　His　nausea　continued　for　two　months；　and　was　the　same　as　that　which　he　had　suffered　during　his　wife's　former　pregnancies；　although　not　until　both　he　and　his　wife　became　aware　of　the　existence　of　pregnancy。　The　Lancet　describes　a　case　in　which　the　husband's　nausea　and　vomiting；　as　well　as　that　of　the　wife；　began　and　ended　simultaneously。　Judkins　cites　an　instance　of　a　man　who　was　sick　in　the　morning　while　his　wife　was　carrying　a　child。　This　occurred　during　every　pregnancy；　and　the　man　related　that　his　own　father　was　similarly　affected　while　his　mother　was　in　the　early　months　of　pregnancy　with　him；　showing　an　hereditary　predisposition。

The　perverted　appetites　and　peculiar　longings　of　pregnant　women　furnish　curious　matter　for　discussion。　From　the　earliest　times　there　are　many　such　records。　Borellus　cites　an　instance；　and　there　are　many　others；　of　pregnant　women　eating　excrement　with　apparent　relish。　Tulpius；　Sennert；　Langius；　van　Swieten；　a　Castro；　and　several　others　report　depraved　appetites。　Several　writers　have　seen　avidity　for　human　flesh　in　such　females。　Fournier　knew　a　woman　with　an　appetite　for　the　blood　of　her　husband。　She　gently　cut　him　while　he　lay　asleep　by　her　side　and　sucked　blood　from　the　woundsa　modern　〃Succubus。〃　Pare　mentions　the　perverted　appetites　of　pregnant　women；　and　says　that　they　have　been　known　to　eat　plaster；　ashes；　dirt；　charcoal；　flour；　salt；　spices；　to　drink　pure　vinegar；　and　to　indulge　in　all　forms　of　debauchery。　Plot　gives　the　case　of　a　woman　who　would　gnaw　and　eat　all　the　linen　off　her　bed。　Hufeland's　Journal　records　the　history　of　a　case　of　a　woman　of　thirty…two；　who　had　been　married　ten　years；　who　acquired　a　strong　taste　for　charcoal；　and　was　ravenous　for　it。　It　seemed　to　cheer　her　and　to　cure　a　supposed　dyspepsia。　She　devoured　enormous　quantities；　preferring　hard…wood　charcoal。　Bruyesinus　speaks　of　a　woman　who　had　a　most　perverted　appetite　for　her　own　milk；　and　constantly　drained　her　breasts；　Krafft…Ebing　cites　a　similar　case。　Another　case　is　that　of　a　pregnant　woman　who　had　a　desire　for　hot　and　pungent　articles　of　food；　and　who　in　a　short　time　devoured　a　pound　of　pepper。　Scheidemantel　cites　a　case　in　which　the　perverted　appetite；　originating　in　pregnancy；　became　permanent；　but　this　is　not　the　experience　of　most　observers。　The　pregnant　wife　of　a　farmer　in　Hassfort…on…the…Main　ate　the　excrement　of　her　husband。　

Many　instances　could　be　quoted；　some　in　which　extreme　cases　of　polydipsia　and　bulimia　developed；　these　can　be　readily　attributed　to　the　increased　call　for　liquids　and　food。　Other　cases　of　diverse　new　emotions　can　be　recalled；　such　as　lasciviousness；　dirty　habits；　perverted　thoughts；　and；　on　the　other　hand；　extreme　piety；　chastity；　and　purity　of　the　mind。　Some　of　the　best…natured　women　are　when　pregnant　extremely　cross　and　irritable　and　many　perversions　of　disposition　are　commonly　noticed　in　pregnancy。　There　is　often　a　longing　for　a　particular　kind　of　food　or　dish　for　which　no　noticeable　desire　had　been　displayed　before。

Maternal　Impressions。Another　curious　fact　associated　with　pregnancy　is　the　apparent　influence　of　the　emotions　of　the　mother　on　the　child　in　utero。　Every　one　knows　of　the　popular　explanation　of　many　birth…marks；　their　supposed　resemblance　to　some　animal　or　object　seen　by　the　mother　during　pregnancy；　etc。　The　truth　of　maternal　impressions；　however；　seems　to　be　more　firmly　established　by　facts　of　a　substantial　nature。　There　is　a　natural　desire　to　explain　any　abnormality　or　anomaly　of　the　child　as　due　to　some　incident　during　the　period　of　the　mother's　pregnancy；　and　the　truth　is　often　distorted　and　the　imagination　heavily　drawn　upon　to　furnish　the　satisfactory　explanation。　It　is　the　customary　speech　of　the　dime…museum　lecturer　to　attribute　the　existence　of　some　〃freak〃　to　an　episode　in　the　mother's　pregnancy。　The　poor　〃Elephant…man〃　firmly　believed　his　peculiarity　was　due　to　the　fact　that　his　mother　while　carrying　him　in　utero　was　knocked　down　at　the　circus　by　an　elephant。　In　some　countries　the　exhibition　of　monstrosities　is　forbidden　because　of　the　supposed　danger　of　maternal　impression。　The　celebrated　〃Siamese　Twins〃　for　this　reason　were　forbidden　to　exhibit　themselves　for　quite　a　period　in　France。

We　shall　cite　only　a　few　of　the　most　interesting　cases　from　medical　literature。　Hippocrates　saved　the　honor　of　a　princess；　accused　of　adultery　with　a　negro　because　she　bore　a　black　child；　by　citing　it　as　a　case　of　maternal　impression；　the　husband　of　the　princess　having　placed　in　her　room　a　painting　of　a　negro；　to　the　view　of　which　she　was　subjected　during　the　whole　of　her　pregnancy。　Then；　again；　in　the　treatise　〃De　Superfoetatione〃　there　occurs　the　following　distinct　statement：　〃If　a　pregnant　woman　has　a　longing　to　eat　earth　or　coals；　and　eats　of　them；　the　infant　which　is　born　carries　on　its　head　the　mark　of　these　things。〃　This　statement；　however；　occurs　in　a　work　which　is　not　mentioned　by　any　of　the　ancient　authorities；　and　is　rejected　by　practically　all　the　modern　ones；　according　to　Ballantyne；　there　is；　therefore；　no　absolute　proof　that　Hippocrates　was　a　believer　in　one　of　the　most　popular　and　long…persisting　beliefs　concerning　fetal　deformities。

In　the　explanation　of　heredity；　Hippocrates　states　〃that　the　body　of　the　male　as　well　as　that　of　the　female　furnishes　the　semen。　That　which　is　weak　（unhealthy）　is　derived　from　weak　（unhealthy）　parts；　that　which　is　strong　（healthy）　from　strong　（healthy）　parts；　and　the　fetus　will　correspond　to　the　quality　of　the　semen。　If　the　semen　of　one　part　come　in　greater　quantity　from　the　male　than　from　the　female；　this　part　will　resemble　more　closely　the　father；　if；　however；　it　comes　more　from　the　female；　the　part　will　rather　resemble　the　mother。　If　it　be　true　that　the　semen　comes　from　both　parents；　then　it　is　impossible　for　the　whole　body　to　resemble　either　the　mother　or　the　father；　or　neither　the　one　nor　the　other　in　anything；　but　necessarily　the　child　will　resemble　both　the　one　and　the　other　in　something。　The　child　will　most　resemble　the　one　who　contributes　most　to　the　formation　of　the　parts。〃　Such　was　the　Hippocratic　theory　of　generation　and　heredity；　and　it　was　ingeniously　used　to　explain　the　hereditary　nature　of　certain　diseases　and　malformations。　For　instance；　in　speaking　of　the　sacred　disease　（epilepsy）；　Hippocrates　says：　〃Its　origin　is　hereditary；　like　that　of　other　diseases；　for　if　a　phlegmatic　person　be　born　of　a　phlegmatic；　and　a　bilious　of　a　bilious；　and　a　phthisical　of　a　phthisical；　and　one　having　spleen　disease　of　another　having　disease　of　the　spleen；　what　is　to　hinder　it　from　happening　that　where　the　father　and　mother　were　subject　to　this　disease　certain　of　their　offspring　should　be　so　affected　also？　As　the　semen　comes　from　all　parts　of　the　body；　healthy　particles　will　come　from　healthy　parts；　and　unhealthy　from　unhealthy　parts。〃

According　to　Pare；　Damascene　saw　a　girl　with　long　hair　like　a　bear；　whose　mother　had　constantly　before　her　a　picture　of　the　hairy　St。　John。　Pare　also　appends　an　illustration　showing　the　supposed　resemblance　to　a　bear。　Jonston　quotes　a　case　of　Heliodorus；　it　was　an　Ethiopian；　who　by　the　effect　of　the　imagination　produced　a　white　child。　Pare　describes　this　case　more　fully：　〃Heliodorus　says　that　Persina；　Queen　of　Ethiopia；　being　impregnated　by　Hydustes；　also　an　Ethiopian；　bore　a　daughter　with　a　white　skin；　and　the　anomaly　was　ascribed　to　the　admiration　that　a　picture　of　Andromeda　excited　in　Persina　throughout　the　whole　of　the　pregnancy。〃　Van　Helmont　cites　the　case　of　a　tailor's　wife　at　Mechlin；　who　during　a　conflict　outside　her　house；　on　seeing　a　soldier　lose　his　hand　at　her　door；　gave　birth　to　a　daughter　with　one　hand；　the　other　hand　being　a　bleeding　stump；　he　also　speaks　of　the　case　of　the　wife　of　a　merchant　at　Antwerp；　who　after　seeing　a　soldier's　arm　shot　off　at　the　siege　of　Ostend　gave　birth　to　a　daughter　with　one　arm。　Plot　speaks　of　a　child　bearing　the　figure　of　a　mouse；　when　pregnant；　the　mother　had　been　much　frightened　by　one　of　these　animals。　Gassendus　describes　a　fetus　with　the　traces　of　a　wound　in　the　same　location　as　one　received　by　the　mother。　The　Lancet　speaks　of　several　casesone　of　a　child　with　a　face　resembling　a　dog　whose　mother　had　been　bitten；　one　of　a　child　with　one　eye　blue　and　the　other　black；　whose　mother　during　confinement　had　seen　a　person　so　marked；　of　an　infant　with　fins　as　upper　and　lower　extremities；　the　mother　having　seen　such　a　monster；　and　another；　a　child　born　with　its　feet　covered　with　scalds　and　burns；　whose　mother　had　been　badly　frightened　by　fireworks　and　a　descending　rocket。　There　is　the　history　of　a　woman　who　while　pregnant　at　seven　months　with　her　fifth　child　was　bitten　on　the　right　calf　by　a　dog。　Ten　weeks　after；　she　bore　a　child　with　three　marks　corresponding　in　size　and　appearance　to　those　caused　by　the　dog's　teeth　on　her　leg。　Kerr　reports　the　case　of　a　woman　in　her　seventh　month　whose　daughter　fell　on　a　cooking　stove；　shocking　the　mother；　who　suspected　fatal　burns。　The　woman　was　delivered　two　months　later　of　an　infant　blistered　about　the　mouth　and　extremities　in　a　manner　similar　to　the　burns　of　her　sister。　This　infant　died　on　the　third　day；　but　another　was　born　fourteen　months　later　with　the　same　blisters。　Inflammation　set　in　and　nearly　all　the　fingers　and　toes　sloughed　of。　In　a　subsequent　confinement；　long　after　the　mental　agitation；　a　healthy　unmarked　infant　was　born。

Hunt　describes　a　case　which　has　since　become　almost　classic　of　a　woman　fatally　burned；　when　pregnant　eight　months；　by　her　clothes　catching　fire　at　the　kitchen　grate。　The　day　after　the　burns　labor　began　and　was　terminated　by　the　birth　of　a　well…formed　dead　female　child；　apparently　blistered　and　burned　in　extent　and　in　places　corresponding　almost　exactly　to　the　locations　of　the　mother's　injuries。　The　mother　died　on　the　fourth　day。

Webb　reports　the　history　of　a　negress　who　during　a　convulsion　while　pregnant　fell　into　a　fire；　burning　the　whole　front　of　the　abdomen；　the　front　and　inside　of　the　thighs　to　the　knees；　th