anomalies and curiosities of medicine-第63部分

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metimes　both　cartilage　and　fat　are　absent。　They　are　often　associated　with　some　form　of　defective　auditionharelip；　ocular　disturbance；　club…feet；　congenital　hernia；　etc。　These　supernumerary　members　vary　from　one　to　five　in　number　and　are　sometimes　hereditary。　Reverdin　describes　a　man　having　a　supernumerary　nipple　on　the　right　side　of　his　chest；　of　whose　five　children　three　had　preauricular　appendages。　Figure　104　represents　a　girl　with　a　supernumerary　auricle　in　the　neck；　described　in　the　Lancet；　1888。　A　little　girl　under　Birkett's　care　in　Guy's　Hospital　more　than　answered　to　Macbeth's　requisition；　〃Had　I　three　ears　I'd　hear　thee！〃　since　she　possessed　two　superfluous　ones　at　the　sides　of　the　neck；　somewhat　lower　than　the　angle　of　the　jaw；　which　were　well　developed　as　to　their　external　contour　and　made　up　of　fibrocartilage。　There　is　mentioned　the　case　of　a　boy　of　six　months　on　the　left　side　of　whose　neck；　over　the　middle　anterior　border　of　the　sternocleidomastoid　muscle；　was　a　nipple…like　projection　1/2　inch　in　length；　a　rod　of　cartilage　was　prolonged　into　it　from　a　thin　plate；　which　was　freely　movable　in　the　subcutaneous　tissue；　forming　a　striking　analogue　to　an　auricle。　Moxhay　cites　the　instance　of　a　mother　who　was　frightened　by　the　sight　of　a　boy　with　hideous　contractions　in　the　neck；　and　who　gave　birth　to　a　child　with　two　perfect　ears　and　three　rudimentary　auricles　on　the　right　side；　and　on　the　left　side　two　rudimentary　auricles。

In　some　people　there　is　an　excessive　development　of　the　auricular　muscles；　enabling　them　to　move　their　ears　in　a　manner　similar　to　that　of　the　lower　animals。　Of　the　celebrated　instances　the　Abbe　de　Marolles；　says　Vigneul…Marville；　bears　witness　in　his　〃Memoires〃　that　the　Regent　Crassot　could　easily　move　his　ears。　Saint　Augustine　mentions　this　anomaly。

Double　tympanitic　membrane　is　spoken　of　by　Loeseke。　There　is　sometimes　natural　perforation　of　the　tympanum　in　an　otherwise　perfect　ear；　which　explains　how　some　people　can　blow　tobacco…smoke　from　the　ear。　Fournier　has　seen　several　Spaniards　and　Germans　who　could　perform　this　feat；　and　knew　one　man　who　could　smoke　a　whole　cigar　without　losing　any　smoke；　since　he　made　it　leave　either　by　his　mouth；　his　ears；　or　in　both　ways。　Fournier　in　the　same　article　mentions　that　he　has　seen　a　woman　with　ears　over　four　inches　long。

Strange　to　say；　there　have　been　reports　of　cases　in　which　the　ossicles　were　deficient　without　causing　any　imperfection　of　hearing。　Caldani　mentions　a　case　with　the　incus　and　malleus　deficient；　and　Scarpa　and　Torreau　quote　instances　of　deficient　ossicles。　Thomka　in　1895　reported　a　case　of　supernumerary　tympanic　ossicle；　the　nature　of　which　was　unknown；　although　it　was　neither　an　inflammatory　product　nor　a　remnant　of　Meckel's　cartilage。

Absence　of　the　Limbs。Those　persons　born　without　limbs　are　either　the　subjects　of　intrauterine　amputation　or　of　embryonic　malformation。　Probably　the　most　celebrated　of　this　class　was　Marc　Cazotte；　otherwise　known　as　〃Pepin；〃　who　died　in　Paris　in　the　last　century　at　the　age　of　sixty…two　of　a　chronic　intestinal　disorder。　He　had　no　arms；　legs；　or　scrotum；　but　from　very　jutting　shoulders　on　each　side　were　well…formed　hands。　His　abdomen　ended　in　a　flattened　buttock　with　badly…formed　feet　attached。　He　was　exhibited　before　the　public　and　was　celebrated　for　his　dexterity。　He　performed　nearly　all　the　necessary　actions；　exhibited　skilfulness　in　all　his　movements；　and　was　credited　with　the　ability　of　coitus。　He　was　quite　intellectual；　being　able　to　write　in　several　languages。　His　skeleton　is　preserved　in　the　Musee　Dupuytren。　Flachsland　speaks　of　a　woman　who　three　times　had　borne　children　without　arms　and　legs。　Hastings　describes　a　living　child　born　without　any　traces　of　arms　or　legs。　Garlick　has　seen　a　child　with　neither　upper　nor　lower　extremities。　In　place　of　them　were　short　stumps　three　or　four　inches　long；　closely　resembling　the　ordinary　stumps　after　amputation。　The　head；　chest；　body；　and　male　genitals　were　well　formed；　and　the　child　survived。　Hutchinson　reports　the　history　of　a　child　born　without　extremities；　probably　the　result　of　intrauterine　amputation。　The　flaps　were　healed　at　the　deltoid　insertion　and　just　below　the　groin。　Pare　says　he　saw　in　Paris　a　man　without　arms；　who　by　means　of　his　head　and　neck　could　crack　a　whip　or　hold　an　axe。　He　ate　by　means　of　his　feet；　dealt　and　played　cards；　and　threw　dice　with　the　same　members；　exhibiting　such　dexterity　that　finally　his　companions　refused　to　play　with　him。　He　was　proved　to　be　a　thief　and　a　murderer　and　was　finally　hanged　at　Gueldres。　Pare　also　relates　having　seen　a　woman　in　Paris　who　sewed；　embroidered；　and　did　other　things　with　her　feet。　Jansen　speaks　of　a　man　in　Spain；　born　without　arms；　who　could　use　his　feet　as　well　as　most　people　use　their　arms。　Schenck　and　Lotichius　give　descriptions　of　armless　people。

Hulke　describes　a　child　of　four　whose　upper　limbs　were　absent；　a　small　dimple　only　being　in　their　place。　He　had　free　movement　of　the　shoulders　in　every　direction。　and　could　grasp　objects　between　his　cheeks　and　his　acromian　process；　the　prehensile　power　of　the　toes　was　well　developed；　as　he　could　pick　up　a　coin　thrown　to　him。　A　monster　of　the　same　conformation　was　the　celebrated　painter；　Ducornet；　who　was　born　at　Lille　on　the　10th　of　January；　1806。　He　was　completely　deprived　of　arms；　but　the　rest　of　the　body　was　well　formed　with　the　exception　of　the　feet；　of　which　the　second　toe　was　faulty。　The　deformity　of　the　feet；　however；　had　the　happiest　result；　as　the　space　between　the　great　toe　and　its　neighbor　was　much　larger　than　ordinary　and　the　toes　much　more　mobile。　He　became　so　skilful　in　his　adopted　profession　that　he　finally　painted　a　picture　eleven　feet　in　height　（representing　Mary　Magdalene　at　the　feet　of　Christ　after　the　resurrection）；　which　was　purchased　by　the　Government　and　given　to　the　city　of　Lille。　Broca　describes　James　Leedgwood；　who　was　deprived　of　his　arms　and　had　only　one　leg。　He　exhibited　great　dexterity　with　his　single　foot；　wrote；　discharged　a　pistol；　etc。；　he　was　said　to　have　been　able　to　pick　up　a　sewing…needle　on　a　slippery　surface　with　his　eyes　blindfolded。　Capitan　described　to　the　Societe　d'anthropologie　de　Paris　a　young　man　without　arms；　who　was　said　to　play　a　violin　and　cornet　with　his　feet。　He　was　able　to　take　a　kerchief　from　his　pocket　and　to　blow　his　nose；　he　could　make　a　cigarette；　light　it；　and　put　it　in　his　mouth；　play　cards；　drink　from　a　glass；　and　eat　with　a　fork　by　the　aid　of　his　dexterous　toes。　There　was　a　creature　exhibited　some　time　since　in　the　principal　cities　of　France；　who　was　called　the　〃l'homme　tronc。〃　He　was　totally　deprived　of　all　his　members。　Curran　describes　a　Hindoo；　a　prostitute　of　forty；　with　congenital　absence　of　both　upper　extremities。　A　slight　fleshy　protuberance　depended　from　the　cicatrix　of　the　humerus　and　shoulder…joint　of　the　left　side；　and　until　the　age　of　ten　there　was　one　on　the　right　side。　She　performed　many　tricks　with　her　toes。　Caldani　speaks　of　a　monster　without　arms；　Davis　mentions　one；　and　Smith　describes　a　boy　of　four　with　his　upper　limbs　entirely　absent。　Breschet　has　seen　a　child　of　nine　with　only　portions　of　the　upper　arms　and　deformity　of　lower　extremities　and　pelvis。　Pare　says　that　he　saw　in　Paris　in　1573；　at　the　gate　of　St。　Andrew　des　Arts；　a　boy　of　nine；　a　native　of　a　small　village　near　Guise；　who　had　no　legs　and　whose　left　foot　was　represented　by　a　fleshy　body　hanging　from　the　trunk；　he　had　but　two　fingers　hanging　on　his　right　hand；　and　had　between　his　legs　what　resembled　a　virile　penis。　Pare　attributes　this　anomaly　to　a　default　in　the　quantity　of　semen。

The　figure　and　skeleton　of　Harvey　Leach；　called　〃Hervio　Nono；〃　is　in　the　museum　of　the　University　College　in　London。　The　pelvis　was　comparatively　weak；　the　femurs　hardly　to　be　recognized；　and　the　right　tibia　and　foot　defective；　the　left　foot　was　better　developed；　although　far　from　being　in　due　proportion　to　the　trunk　above。　He　was　one　of　the　most　remarkable　gymnasts　of　his　day；　and　notwithstanding　the　distortion　of　his　lower　limbs　had　marvelous　power　and　agility　in　them。　As　an　arena…horseman；　either　standing　or　sitting；　he　was　scarcely　excelled。　He　walked　and　even　ran　quite　well；　and　his　power　of　leaping；　partly　with　his　feet　and　partly　with　his　hands；　was　unusual。　His　lower　limbs　were　so　short　that；　erect；　he　touched　the　floor　with　his　fingers；　but　he　earned　his　livelihood　as　much　with　his　lower　as　with　his　upper　limbs。　In　his　skeleton　his　left　lower　limb；　between　the　hip　and　heel；　measured　16　inches；　while　the　right；　between　the　same　points；　measured　nine　inches。　Hare　mentions　a　boy　of　five　and　a　half　whose　head　and　trunk　were　the　same　as　in　any　other　child　of　like　age。　He　was　22　1/2　inches　high；　had　no　spinal　curvature；　but　was　absolutely　devoid　of　lower　extremities。　The　right　arm　was　two　inches　long　and　the　left　2　1/4。　Each　contained　the　head　and　a　small　adjoining　portion　of　the　humerus。　The　legs　were　represented　by　masses　of　cellular　tissue　and　fat　covered　by　skin　which　projected　about　an　inch。　He　was　intelligent；　had　a　good　memory；　and　exhibited　considerable　activity。　He　seemed　to　have　had　more　than　usual　mobility　and　power　of　flexion　of　the　lower　lumbar　region。　When　on　his　back　he　was　unable　to　rise　up；　but　resting　on　the　lower　part　of　the　pelvis　he　was　able　to　maintain　himself　erect。　He　usually　picked　up　objects　with　his　teeth；　and　could　hold　a　coin　in　the　axilla　as　he　rolled　from　place　to　place。　His　rolling　was　accomplished　by　a　peculiar　twisting　of　the　thorax　and　bending　of　the　pelvis。　There　was　no　history　of　maternal　impression　during　pregnancy；　no　injury；　and　no　hereditary　disposition　to　anomalous　members。　Figure　112　represents　a　boy　with　congenital　deficiency　of　the　lower　extremities。　who　was　exhibited　a　few　years　ago　in　Philadelphia。　In　Figure　113；　which　represents　a　similar　case　in　a　girl　whose　photograph　is　deposited　in　the　Mutter　Museum　of　the　College　of　Physicians；　Philadelphia；　we　see　how　cleverly　the　congenital　defect　may　be　remedied　by　mechanical　contrivance。　With　her　crutches　and　artificial　legs　this　girl　was　said　to　have　moved　about　easily。

Parvin　describes　a　〃turtle…man〃　as　an　ectromelian；　almost　entering　the　class　of　phocomelians　or　seal…like　monsters；　the　former　term　signifies　abortive　or　imperfect　formation　of　the