anomalies and curiosities of medicine-第94部分

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Robert　describes　an　old　man　who　suckled　a　child；　and　Meyer　discusses　the　case　of　a　castrated　man　who　was　said　to　suckle　children。　It　is　said　that　a　Bishop　of　Cork；　who　gave　one…half　crown　to　an　old　Frenchman　of　seventy；　was　rewarded　by　an　exhibition　of　his　breasts；　which　were　larger　than　the　Bishop　had　ever　seen　in　a　woman。　Petrequin　speaks　of　a　male　breast　18　inches　long　which　he　amputated；　and　Laurent　gives　the　photograph　of　a　man　whose　breasts　measured　30　cm。　in　circumference　at　the　base；　and　hung　like　those　of　a　nursing　woman。

In　some　instances　whole　families　with　supernumerary　breasts　are　seen。　Handyside　gives　two　instances　of　quadruple　breasts　in　brothers。　Blanchard　speaks　of　a　father　who　had　a　supernumerary　nipple　on　each　breast　and　his　seven　sons　had　the　same　deformities；　it　was　not　noticed　in　the　daughters。　The　youngest　son　transmitted　this　anomaly　to　his　four　sons。　Petrequin　describes　a　man　with　three　mammae；　two　on　the　left　side；　the　third　being　beneath　the　others。　He　had　three　sons　with　accessory　mammae　on　the　right　side　and　two　daughters　with　the　same　anomaly　on　the　left　side。　Savitzky　reports　a　case　of　gynecomazia　in　a　peasant　of　twenty…one　whose　father；　elder　brother；　and　a　cousin　were　similarly　endowed。　The　patient's　breasts　were　33　cm。　in　circumference　and　15　cm。　from　the　nipple　to　the　base　of　the　gland；　they　resembled　normal　female　mammae　in　all　respects。　The　penis　and　the　other　genitalia　were　normal；　but　the　man　had　a　female　voice　and　absence　of　facial　hair。　There　was　an　abundance　of　subcutaneous　fat　and　a　rather　broad　pelvis。

Wiltshire　said　that　he　knew　a　gynecomast　in　the　person　of　a　distinguished　naturalist　who　since　the　age　of　puberty　observed　activity　in　his　breasts；　accompanied　with　secretion　of　milky　fluid　which　lasted　for　a　period　of　six　weeks　and　occurred　every　spring。　This　authority　also　mentions　that　the　French　call　husbands　who　have　well…developed　mammae　〃la　couvade；〃　the　Germans　call　male　supernumerary　breasts　〃bauchwarze；〃　or　ventral　nipples。　Hutchinson　describes　several　cases　of　gynecomazia；　in　which　the　external　genital　organs　decreased　in　proportion　to　the　size　of　the　breast　and　the　manners　became　effeminate。　Cameron；　quoted　by　Snedden；　speaks　of　a　fellow…student　who　had　a　supernumerary　nipple；　and　also　says　he　saw　a　case　in　a　little　boy　who　had　an　extra　pair　of　nipples　much　wider　than　the　ordinary　ones。　Ansiaux；　surgeon　of　Liege；　saw　a　conscript　of　thirteen　whose　left　mamma　was　well　developed　like　that　of　a　woman；　and　whose　nipple　was　surrounded　by　a　large　areola。　He　said　that　this　breast　had　always　been　larger　than　the　other；　but　since　puberty　had　grown　greatly；　the　genital　organs　were　well　formed。　Morgan　examined　a　seaman　of　twenty…one；　admitted　to　the　Royal　Naval　Hospital　at　Hong　Kong；　whose　right　mamma；　in　size　and　conformation；　had　the　appearance　of　the　well　developed　breast　of　a　full…grown　woman。　It　was　lobulated　and　had　a　large；　brown…colored　areola；　the　nipple；　however；　was　of　the　same　size　as　that　on　the　left　breast。　The　man　stated　that　he　first　observed　the　breast　to　enlarge　at　sixteen　and　a　half　years；　since　that　time　it　had　steadily　increased；　but　there　was　no　milk　at　any　time　from　the　nipple；　the　external　genital　organs　were　well　and　fully　developed。　He　complained　of　no　pain　or　uneasiness　except　when　in　drilling　aloft　his　breast　came　in　contact　with　the　ropes。

Gruger　of　St。　Petersburg　divides　gynecomazia　into　three　classes：

（1）　That　in　which　the　male　generative　organs　are　normal；

（2）　In　which　they　are　deformed；

（3）　In　which　the　anomaly　is　spurious；　the　breast　being　a　mass　of　fat　or　a　new　growth。

The　same　journal　quotes　an　instance　（possibly　Morgan's　case）　in　a　young　man　of　twenty…one　with　a　deep　voice；　excellent　health；　and　genitals　well　developed；　and　who　cohabited　with　his　wife　regularly。　When　sixteen　his　right　breast　began　to　enlarge；　a　fact　that　he　attributed　to　the　pressure　of　a　rope。　Glandular　substance　could　be　distinctly　felt；　but　there　was　no　milk…secretion。　The　left　breast　was　normal。　Schuchardt　has　collected　272　cases　of　gynecomazia。

Instances　of　Men　Suckling　Infants。These　instances　of　gynecomazia　are　particularly　interesting　when　the　individuals　display　ability　to　suckle　infants。　Hunter　refers　to　a　man　of　fifty　who　shared　equally　with　his　wife　the　suckling　of　their　children。　There　is　an　instance　of　a　sailor　who；　having　lost　his　wife；　took　his　son　to　his　own　breast　to　quiet　him；　and　after　three　or　four　days　was　able　to　nourish　him。　Humboldt　describes　a　South　American　peasant　of　thirty…two　who；　when　his　wife　fell　sick　immediately　after　delivery；　sustained　the　child　with　his　own　milk；　which　came　soon　after　the　application　to　the　breast；　for　five　months　the　child　took　no　other　nourishment。　In　Franklin's　〃Voyages　to　the　Polar　Seas〃　he　quotes　the　instance　of　an　old　Chippewa　who；　on　losing　his　wife　in　childbirth；　had　put　his　infant　to　his　breast　and　earnestly　prayed　that　milk　might　flow；　he　was　fortunate　enough　to　eventually　produce　enough　milk　to　rear　the　child。　The　left　breast；　with　which　he　nursed；　afterward　retained　its　unusual　size。　According　to　Mehliss　some　missionaries　in　Brazil　in　the　sixteenth　century　asserted　that　there　was　a　whole　Indian　nation　whose　women　had　small　and　withered　breasts；　and　whose　children　owed　their　nourishment　entirely　to　the　males。　Hall　exhibited　to　his　class　in　Baltimore　a　negro　of　fifty…five　who　had　suckled　all　his　mistress'　family。　Dunglison　reports　this　case　in　1837；　and　says　that　the　mammae　projected　seven　inches　from　the　chest；　and　that　the　external　genital　organs　were　well　developed。　Paullini　and　Schenck　cite　cases　of　men　suckling　infants；　and　Blumenbach　has　described　a　male…goat　which；　on　account　of　the　engorgement　of　the　mammae；　it　was　necessary　to　milk　every　other　day　of　the　year。

Ford　mentions　the　case　of　a　captain　who　in　order　to　soothe　a　child's　cries　put　it　to　his　breast；　and　who　subsequently　developed　a　full　supply　of　milk。　He　also　quotes　an　instance　of　a　man　suckling　his　own　children；　and　mentions　a　negro　boy　of　fourteen　who　secreted　milk　in　one　breast。　Hornor　and　Pulido　y　Fernandez　also　mention　similar　instances　of　gynecomazia。

Human　Odors。Curious　as　it　may　seem；　each　individual　as　well　as　each　species　is　in　life　enveloped　with　an　odor　peculiarly　its　own；　due　to　its　exhaled　breath；　its　excretions；　and　principally　to　its　insensible　perspiration。　The　faculty　of　recognizing　an　odor　in　different　individuals；　although　more　developed　in　savage　tribes；　is　by　no　means　unknown　in　civilized　society。　Fournier　quotes　the　instance　of　a　young　man　who；　like　a　dog；　could　smell　the　enemy　by　scent；　and　who　by　smell　alone　recognized　his　own　wife　from　other　persons。　

Fournier　also　mentions　a　French　woman；　an　inhabitant　of　Naples；　who　had　an　extreme　supersensitiveness　of　smell。　The　slightest　odor　was　to　her　intolerable；　sometimes　she　could　not　tolerate　the　presence　of　certain　individuals。　She　could　tell　in　a　numerous　circle　which　women　were　menstruating。　This　woman　could　not　sleep　in　a　bed　which　any　one　else　had　made；　and　for　this　reason　discharged　her　maid；　preparing　her　own　toilet　and　her　sleeping　apartments。　Cadet　de　Gassieourt　witnessed　this　peculiar　instance；　and　in　consultation　with　several　of　the　physicians　of　Paris　attributed　this　excessive　sensitiveness　to　the　climate。　There　is　a　tale　told　of　a　Hungarian　monk　who　affirmed　that　he　was　able　to　decide　the　chastity　of　females　by　the　sense　of　smell　alone。　It　is　well　known　that　some　savage　tribes　with　their　large；　open　nostrils　not　only　recognize　their　enemies　but　also　track　game　the　same　as　hounds。

Individual　Odors。Many　individuals　are　said　to　have　exhaled　particularly　strong　odors；　and　history　is　full　of　such　instances。　We　are　told　by　Plutarch　that　Alexander　the　Great　exhaled　an　odor　similar　to　that　of　violet　flowers；　and　his　undergarments　always　smelled　of　this　natural　perfume。　It　is　said　that　Cujas　offered　a　particular　analogy　to　this。　On　the　contrary；　there　are　certain　persons　spoken　of　who　exhaled　a　sulphurous　odor。　Martial　said　that　Thais　was　an　example　of　the　class　of　people　whose　odor　was　insupportable。　Schmidt　has　inserted　in　the　Ephemerides　an　account　of　a　journeyman　saddler；　twenty…three　years　of　age；　of　rather　robust　constitution；　whose　hands　exhaled　a　smell　of　sulphur　so　powerful　and　penetrating　as　to　rapidly　fill　any　room　in　which　he　happened　to　be。　Rayer　was　once　consulted　by　a　valet…de…chambre　who　could　never　keep　a　place　in　consequence　of　the　odor　he　left　behind　him　in　the　rooms　in　which　he　worked。

Hammond　is　quoted　with　saying　that　when　the　blessed　Venturni　of　Bergamons　officiated　at　the　altar　people　struggled　to　come　near　him　in　order　to　enjoy　the　odor　he　exhaled。　It　was　said　that　St。　Francis　de　Paul；　after　he　had　subjected　himself　to　frequent　disciplinary　inflictions；　including　a　fast　of　thirty…eight　to　forty　days；　exhaled　a　most　sensible　and　delicious　odor。　Hammond　attributes　the　peculiar　odors　of　the　saints　of　earlier　days　to　neglect　of　washing　and；　in　a　measure；　to　affections　of　the　nervous　system。　It　may　be　added　that　these　odors　were　augmented　by　aromatics；　incense；　etc。；　artificially　applied。　In　more　modern　times　Malherbe　and　Haller　were　said　to　diffuse　from　their　bodies　the　agreeable　odor　of　musk。　These　〃human　flowers；〃　to　use　Goethe's　expression；　are　more　highly　perfumed　in　Southern　latitudes。

Modifying　Causes。According　to　Brieude；　sex；　age；　climate；　habits；　ailments；　the　passions；　the　emotions；　and　the　occupations　modify　the　difference　in　the　humors　exhaled；　resulting　in　necessarily　different　odors。　Nursing　infants　have　a　peculiar　sourish　smell；　caused　by　the　butyric　acid　of　the　milk；　while　bottle…fed　children　smell　like　strong　butter。　After　being　weaned　the　odors　of　the　babies　become　less　decided。　Boys　when　they　reach　puberty　exhibit　peculiar　odors　which　are　similar　to　those　of　animals　when　in　heat。　These　odors　are　leading　symptoms　of　what　Borden　calls　〃seminal　fever〃　and　are　more　strongly　marked　in　those　of　a　voluptuous　nature。　They　are　said　to　be　caused　by　the　absorption　of　spermatic　fluid　into　the　circulation　and　its　subsequent　elimination　by　the　skin。　This　peculiar　circumstance；　however；　is　not　seen　in　girls；　in　whom　menstruation　is　sometimes　to　be　distinguished　by　an　odor　somewhat　similar　to　that　of　leather。　Old　age　produce