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                                     410 BC

                                    ELECTRA

                                  by Sophocles

                            translated by R。 C。 Jebb




                        CHARACTERS IN THE PLAY



  ORESTES�察�son of Agamemnon and CLYTEMNESTRA

  ELECTRA     �� sister of ORESTES

  CHRYSOTHEMIS��   ;    ;     ;

  AN OLD MAN�察�formerly the PAEDAGOGUS or Attendant Of ORESTES

  CLYTEMNESTRA

  AEGISTHUS

  CHORUS OF WOMEN OF MYCENAE



                        Mute Persons

    PYLADES�察�son of Strophius�察�King of Crisa�察�the friend Of ORESTES。

    A handmaid of CLYTEMNESTRA。 Two attendants of ORESTES

ELECTRA





                               ELECTRA





��SCENE�此� At Mycenae�察�before the palace of the Pelopidae。 It is morning

and the new´risen sun is bright。 The PAEDAGOGUS enters on the left

of the spectators�察�accompanied by the two youths�察�ORESTES and

PYLADES。��





  PAEDAGOGUS

SON of him who led our hosts at Troy of old�察�son of Agamemnon� � now

thou mayest behold with thine eyes all that thy soul hath desired so

long。 There is the ancient Argos of thy yearning�察� that hallowed scene

whence the gadfly drove the daughter of Inachus�察�and there�察�Orestes��

is the Lycean Agora�察�named from the wolf´slaying god�察�there�察�on the

left�察�Hera's famous temple�察�and in this place to which we have come��

deem that thou seest Mycenae rich in gold�察�with the house of the

Pelopidae there�察�so often stained with bloodshed�察�whence I carried

thee of yore�察�from the slaying of thy father�察�as thy kinswoman�察�thy

sister�察�charged me�察�and saved thee�察�and reared thee up to manhood��

to be the avenger of thy murdered sire。

    Now�察�therefore�察�Orestes�察�and thou�察�best of friends�察�Pylades�察�our

plans must be laid quickly�察�for lo�察�already the sun's bright ray is

waking the songs of the birds into clearness�察�and the dark night of

stars is spent。 Before�察�then�察�anyone comes forth from the house��

take counsel�察�seeing that the time allows not of delay�察�but is full

ripe for deeds。

  ORESTES

    True friend and follower�察�how well dost thou prove thy loyalty

to our house� �As a steed of generous race�察�though old�察�loses not

courage in danger�察�but pricks his ear�察�even so thou urgest us forward��

and art foremost in our support。 I will tell thee�察�then�察�what I have

determined�察�listen closely to my words�察�and correct me�察�if I miss

the mark in aught。

    When I went to the Pythian oracle�察�to learn how I might avenge

my father on his murderers�察�Phoebus gave me the response which thou

art now to hear�此� that alone�察�and by stealth�察�without aid of arms or

numbers�察�I should snatch the righteous vengeance of my hand。 Since��

then�察�the god spake to us on this wise�察�thou must go into yonder

house�察�when opportunity gives thee entrance�察�and learn all that is

passing there�察�so that thou mayest report to us from sure knowledge。

Thine age�察�and the lapse of time�察�will prevent them from recognising

thee�察�they will never suspect who thou art�察�with that silvered hair。

Let thy tale be that thou art a Phocian stranger�察�sent by Phanoteus��

for he is the greatest of their allies。 Tell them�察�and confirm it with

thine oath�察�that Orestes hath perished by a fatal chance�察� hurled at

the Pythian games from his rapid chariot�察�be that the substance of thy

story。

    We�察�meanwhile�察�will first crown my father's tomb�察�as the god

enjoined�察�with drink´offerings and the luxuriant tribute of severed

hair�察�then come back�察�bearing in our hands an urn of shapely

bronze�察�now hidden in the brushwood�察�as I think thou knowest�察� so to

gladden them with the false tidings that this my body is no more��

but has been consumed with fire and turned to ashes。 Why should the

omen trouble me�察�when by a feigned death I find life indeed�察�and win

renown�拭�I trow�察�no word is ill´omened�察�if fraught with gain。 Often ere

now have I seen wise men die in vain report�察�then�察�when they return

home�察�they are held in more abiding honour�此�as I trust that from

this rumour I also shall emerge in radiant life�察�and yet shine like

a star upon my foes。

    O my fatherland�察�and ye gods of the land�察�receive me with good

fortune in this journey�察� and ye also�察�halls of my fathers�察�for I come

with divine mandate to cleanse you righteously�察�send me not

dishonoured from the land�察�but grant that I may rule over my

possessions�察�and restore my house��

     Enough�察� be it now thy care�察�old man�察�to go and heed thy task��

and we twain will go forth�察�for so occasion bids�察�chief ruler of every

enterprise for men。

  ELECTRA  ��within��

    Ah me�察�ah me��

  PAEDAGOGUS

    Hark�察�my son�察� from the doors�察�methought�察�came the sound of some

handmaid moaning within。

  ORESTES

    Can it be the hapless Electra�拭�Shall we stay here�察�and listen to

her laments��

  PAEDAGOGUS

    No�察�no�此�before all else�察�let us seek to obey the command of

Loxias�察�and thence make a fair beginning�察�by pouring libations to

thy sire�察�that brings victory within our grasp�察�and gives us the

mastery in all that we do。



   ��Exeunt PAEDAGOGUS on the spectators' left�察�ORESTES and PYLADES

   the right。´ Enter ELECTRA�察�from the house。 She is meanly clad。��



  ELECTRA  ��chanting��



                                                               systema



    O thou pure sunlight�察�and thou air�察�earth's canopy�察�how often have

ye heard the strains of my lament�察�the wild blows dealt against this

bleeding breast�察�when dark night fails� �And my wretched couch in

yonder house of woe knows well�察�ere now�察�how I keep the watches of the

night�察� how often I bewail my hapless sire�察�to whom deadly Ares gave

not of his gifts in a strange land�察�but my mother�察�and her mate

Aegisthus�察�cleft his head with murderous axe�察�as woodmen fell an

oak。 And for this no plaint bursts from any lip save mine�察�when

thou�察�my father�察�hath died a death so cruel and so piteous��



                                                           antisystema



    But never will I cease from dirge and sore lament�察�while I look on

the trembling rays of the bright stars�察�or on this light of day�察�but

like the nightingale�察�slayer of her offspring�察�I will wail without

ceasing�察�and cry aloud to all�察�here�察�at the doors of my father。

    O home of Hades and Persephone� �O Hermes of the shades� �potent

Curse�察�and ye�察�dread daughters of the gods�察�Erinyes�察� Ye who behold

when a life is reft by violence�察�when a bed is dishonoured by

stealth�察� come�察�help me�察�avenge the murder of my sire�察� and send to me

my brother�察�for I have no more the strength to bear up alone against

the load of grief that weighs me down。



                   ��As ELECTRA finishes her lament��

          the CHORUS OF WOMEN OF MYCENAE enter。 The following

     lines between ELECTRA and the CHORUS are chanted responsively。��



  CHORUS



                                                             strophe 1



    Ah�察�Electra�察�child of a wretched mother�察�why art thou ever

pining thus in ceaseless lament for Agamemnon�察�who long ago was

wickedly ensnared by thy false mother's wiles�察�and betrayed to death

by dastardly hand�拭�Perish the author of that deed�察�if I may utter such

prayer��

  ELECTRA

    Ah�察�noble´hearted maidens�察�ye have come to soothe my woes。 I

know and feel it�察�it escapes me not�察�but I cannot leave this task

undone�察�or cease from mourning for my hapless sire。 Ah�察�friends

whose love responds to mine in every mood�察�leave me to rave thus�察�

Oh leave me�察�I entreat you��

  CHORUS



                                                         antistrophe 1



    But never by laments or prayers shalt thou recall thy sire from

that lake of Hades to which all must pass。 Nay�察�thine is a fatal

course of grief�察�passing ever from due bounds into a cureless

sorrow�察�wherein there is no deliverance from evils。 Say�察�wherefore art

thou enamoured of misery��

  ELECTRA

    Foolish is the child who forgets a parent's piteous death。 No��

dearer to my soul is the mourner that laments for Itys�察�Itys��

evermore�察�that bird distraught with grief�察�the messenger of Zeus。

Ah�察�queen of sorrow�察�Niobe�察�thee I deem divine�察� thee�察�who evermore

weepest in thy rocky tomb��

  CHORUS



                                                             strophe 2



    Not to thee alone of mortals�察�my daughter�察�hath come any sorrow

which thou bearest less calmly than those within�察�thy kinswomen and

sisters�察�Chrysothemis and Iphianassa��I who still live�察� as he�察�too��

lives�察�sorrowing in a secluded youth�察�yet happy in that this famous

realm of Mycenae shall one day welcome him to his heritage�察�when the

kindly guidance of Zeus shall have brought him to this land�察�Orestes。

  ELECTRA

    Yes�察�I wait for him with unwearied longing�察�as I move on my sad

path from day to day�察�unwed and childless�察�bathed in tears�察�bearing

that endless doom of woe�察�but he forgets all that he has suffered

and heard。 What message comes to me�察�that is not belied�拭�He is ever

yearning to be with us�察�but�察�though he yearns�察�he never resolves。

  CHORUS



                                                         antistrophe 2



    Courage�察�my daughter�察�courage�察�great still in heaven is Zeus��

who sees and governs all�此�leave thy bitter quarrel to him�察�forget

not thy foes�察�but refrain from excess of wrath against them�察�for

Time is god who makes rough ways smooth。 Not heedless is the son of

Agamemnon�察�who dwells by Crisa's pastoral shore�察�not heedless is the

god who reigns by Acheron。

  ELECTRA

    Nay�察�the best part of life hath passed away from me in

hopelessness�察�and I have no strength left�察�I�察�who am pining away

without children�察� whom no loving champion shields�察� but�察�like some

despised alien�察�I serve in the halls of my father�察�clad in this mean

garb�察�and standing at a meagre board。

  CHORUS



                                                             strophe 3



    Piteous was the voice heard at his return�察�and piteou

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