the commonwealth of oceana-第39部分

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rd　upon　the　next　juridicial　day　following；　and　put　to　the　question　in　the　same　manner。　If　the　major　vote　comes　the　second　time　in　the　non…sincere；　the　cause　shall　be　heard　again　upon　the　third　day；　but　at　the　third　hearing　the　question　shall　be　put　without　the　non…sincere。　Upon　the　first　of　the　three　days　in　which　the　major　vote　comes　in　the　white　box；　the　party　accused　is　absolved；　and　upon　the　first　of　them　in　which　it　comes　in　the　black　box；　the　party　accused　is　condemned。　The　party　accused　being　condemned；　the　tribunes　（if　the　case　be　criminal）　shall　put　with　the　white　and　the　black　box　these　questions；　or　such　of　them　as；　regard　had　to　the　case；　they　shall　conceive　most　proper：

　1。　Whether　he　shall　have　a　writ　of　ease；　　2。　Whether　he　shall　be　fined　so　much　or　so　much；　　3。　Whether　he　shall　be　confiscated；　　4。　Whether　he　shall　be　rendered　incapable　of　magistracy；　　5。　Whether　he　shall　be　banished；　　6。　Whether　he　shall　be　put　to　death。

　　　　〃These；　or　any　three　of　these　questions；　whether　simple　or　such　as　shall　be　thought　fitly　mixed；　being　put　by　the　tribunes；　that　which　has　most　above　half　the　votes　in　the　black　box　is　the　sentence　of　the　people；　which　the　troop　of　the　third　class　is　to　see　executed　accordingly。　　　　　〃But　whereas　by　the　constitution　of　this　commonwealth　it　may　appear　that　neither　the　propositions　of　the　Senate　nor　the　judicature　of　the　people　will　be　so　frequent　as　to　hold　the　prerogative　in　continual　employment；　the　Senate；　a　main　part　of　whose　office　it　is　to　teach　and　instruct　the　people；　shall　duly　（if　they　have　no　greater　affairs　to　divert　them）　cause　an　oration　to　be　made　to　the　prerogative　by　some　knight　or　magistrate　of　the　Senate；　to　be　chosen　out　of　the　ablest　men；　and　from　time　to　time　appointed　by　the　orator　of　the　house；　in　the　great　hall　of　the　Pantheon；　while　the　Parliament　resides　in　the　town；　or　in　some　grove　or　sweet　place　in　the　field；　while　the　Parliament　for　the　heat　of　the　year　shall　reside　in　the　country；　upon　every　Tuesday；　morning　or　afternoon。　　　　　〃And　the　orator　appointed　for　the　time　to　this　office　shall　first　repeat　the　orders　of　the　commonwealth　with　all　possible　brevity；　and　then；　making　choice　of　one　or　some　part　of　it；　discourse　thereof　to　the　people。　An　oration　or　discourse　of　this　nature；　being　afterward　perused　by　the　Council　of　State；　may　as　they　see　cause　be　printed　and　published。〃

　　　　The　Archon's　comment　upon　the　order　I　find　to　have　been　of　this　sense：

〃MY　LORDS：　　　　　〃To　crave　pardon　for　a　word　or　two　in　further　explanation　of　what　was　read；　I　shall　briefly　show　how　the　constitution　of　this　tribe　or　assembly　answers　to　their　function；　and　how　their　function；　which　is　of　two　parts；　the　former　in　the　result　or　legislative　power；　the　latter　in　the　supreme　judicature　of　the　commonwealth；　answers　to　their　constitution。　Machiavel　has　a　discourse；　where　he　puts　the　question；　'Whether　the　guard　of　liberty　may　with　more　security　be　committed　to　the　nobility　or　to　the　people？'　Which　doubt　of　his　arises　through　the　want　of　explaining　his　terms；　for　the　guard　of　liberty　can　signify　nothing　else　but　the　result　of　the　commonwealth；　so　that　to　say　that　the　guard　of　liberty　may　be　committed　to　the　nobility；　is　to　say　that　the　result　may　be　committed　to　the　Senate；　in　which　case　the　people　signify　nothing。　　　　　〃Now　to　show　it　was　a　mistake　to　affirm　it　to　have　been　thus　in　Lacedaemon；　sufficient　has　been　spoken；　and　whereas　he　will　have　it　to　be　so　in　Venice　also：　'They；'　says　Contarini；　'in　whom　resides　the　supreme　power　of　the　whole　commonwealth；　and　of　the　laws；　and　upon　whose　orders　depends　the　authority　as　well　of　the　Senate　as　of　all　the　other　magistrates；　is　the　Great　Council。'　It　is　institutively　in　the　Great　Council；　by　the　judgment　of　all　that　know　that　commonwealth；　though；　for　the　reasons　shown；　it　be　sometimes　exercised　by　the　Senate。　Nor　need　I　run　over　the　commonwealths　in　this　place　for　the　proof　of　a　thing　so　doubtless；　and　such　as　has　been　already　made　so　apparent；　as　that　the　result　of　each　was　in　the　popular　part　of　it。　The　popular　part　of　yours；　or　the　prerogative　tribe；　consists　of　seven　deputies　（whereof　three　are　of　the　horse）　annually　elected　out　of　every　tribe　of　Oceana；　which　being　fifty；　amounts　to　150　horse　and　200　foot。　And　the　prerogative　consisting　of　three　of　these　lists；　consists　of　450　horse　and　600　foot；　besides　those　of　the　provinces　to　be　hereafter　mentioned；　by　which　means　the　overbalance　in　the　suffrage　remaining　to　the　foot　by　150　votes；　you　have　to　the　support　of　a　true　and　natural　aristocracy　the　deepest　root　of　a　democracy　that　has　been　ever　planted。　　　　　〃Wherefore　there　is　nothing　in　art　or　nature　better　qualified　for　the　result　than　this　assembly。　it　is　noted　out　of　Cicero　by　Machiavel；　'That　the　people；　though　they　are　not　so　prone　to　find　out　truth　of　themselves　as　to　follow　custom　or　run　into　error　yet　if　they　be　shown　truth；　they　not　only　acknowledge　and　embrace　it　very　suddenly；　but　are　the　most　constant　and　faithful　guardians　and　conservators　of　it。'　it　is　your　duty　and　office；　whereto　you　are　also　qualified　by　the　orders　of　this　commonwealth；　to　have　the　people　as　you　have　your　hawks　and　greyhounds；　in　leashes　and　slips；　to　range　the　fields　and　beat　the　bushes　for　them；　for　they　are　of　a　nature　that　is　never　good　at　this　sport；　but　when　you　spring　or　start　their　proper　quarry。　Think　not　that　they　will　stand　to　ask　you　what　it　is；　or　less　know　it　than　your　hawks　and　greyhounds　do　theirs；　but　presently　make　such　a　flight　or　course；　that　a　huntsman　may　as　well　undertake　to　run　with　his　dogs；　or　a　falconer　to　fly　with　his　hawk；　as　an　aristocracy　at　this　game　to　compare　with　the　people。　The　people　of　Rome　were　possessed　of　no　less　a　prey　than　the　empire　of　the　world；　when　the　nobility　turned　tails；　and　perched　among　daws　upon　the　tower　of　monarchy。　For　though　they　did　not　all　of　them　intend　the　thing；　they　would　none　of　them　endure　the　remedy；　which　was　the　agrarian。　　　　　〃But　the　prerogative　tribe　has　not　only　the　result；　but　is　the　supreme　judicature；　and　the　ultimate　appeal　in　this　commonwealth。　For　the　popular　government　that　makes　account　to　be　of　any　standing；　must　make　sure　in　the　first　place　of　the　appeal　to　the　people。　As　an　estate　in　trust　becomes　a　man's　own　if　he　be　not　answerable　for　it；　so　the　power　of　a　magistracy　not　accountable　to　the　people；　from　whom　it　was　received；　becoming　of　private　use；　the　commonwealth　loses　her　liberty　Wherefore　the　right　of　supreme　judicature　in　the　people　（Without　which　there　can　be　no　such　thing　as　popular　government）　is　confirmed　by　the　constant　practice　of　all　commonwealths；　as　that　of　Israel　in　the　cases　of　Achan；　and　of　the　tribe　of　Benjamin；　adjudged　by　the　congregation。　　　　　〃The　dicasterian；　or　court　called　the　heliaia　in　Athens；　which　（the　comitia　of　that　commonwealth　consisting　of　the　whole　people；　and　so　being　too　numerous　to　be　a　judicatory）　was　constituted　sometimes　of　500；　at　others　of　1；000；　or；　according　to　the　greatness　of　the　cause；　of　1；500；　elected　by　the　lot　out　of　the　whole　body　of　the　people；　had；　with　the　nine　Archons　that　were　presidents；　the　cognizance　of　such　causes　as　were　of　highest　importance　in　that　State。　The　five　ephors　in　Lacedaemon；　which　were　popular　magistrates；　might　question　their　kings；　as　appears　by　the　cases　of　Pausanias；　and　of　Agis；　who　being　upon　his　trial　in　this　court；　was　cried　to　by　his　mother　to　appeal　to　the　people；　as　Plutarch　has　it　in　his　life。　The　tribunes　of　the　people　of　Rome　（like；　in　the　nature　of　their　magistracy；　and　for　some　time　in　number；　to　the　ephors；　as　being；　according　to　Halicarnassus　and　Plutarch；　instituted　in　imitation　of　them）　had　power　to　summon　any　man；　his　magistracy　at　least　being　expired　（for　from　the　Dictator　there　lay　no　appeal）　to　answer　for　himself　to　the　people。　As　in　the　case　of　Coriolanus；　who　was　going　about　to　force　the　people；　by　withholding　corn　from　them　in　a　famine；　to　relinquish　the　magistracy　of　the　tribunes；　in　that　of　Spurius　Cassius　for　affecting　tyranny；　of　Marcus　Sergius　for　running　away　at　Veii；　of　Caius　Lucretius　for　spoiling　his　province；　of　Junius　Silanus　for　making　war　without　a　command　from　the　people　against　the　Cimbri；　with　divers　others。　And　the　crimes　of　this　nature　were　called　loesoe　majestatis；　or　high　treason。　Examples　of　such　as　were　arraigned　or　tried　for　peculation；　or　defraudation　of　the　commonwealth；　were　Marcus　Curius　for　intercepting　the　money　of　the　Samnites；　Salinator　for　the　unequal　division　of　spoils　to　his　soldiers；　Marcus　Posthumius　for　cheating　the　commonwealth　by　a　feigned　shipwreck。　Causes　of　these　two　kinds　were　of　a　more　public　nature；　but　the　like　power　upon　appeals　was　also　exercised　by　the　people　in　private　matters；　even　during　the　time　of　the　kings；　as　in　the　case　of　Horatius。　Nor　is　it　otherwise　with　Venice；　where　the　Doge　Loredano　was　sentenced　by　the　great　Council；　and　Antonio　Grimani；　afterward　doge；　questioned；　for　that　he；　being　admiral；　had　suffered　the　Turk　to　take　Lepanto　in　view　of　his　fleet。　　　　　〃Nevertheless；　there　lay　no　appeal　from　the　Roman　dictator　to　the　people；　which；　if　there　had；　might　have　cost　the　commonwealth　dear；　when　Spurius　Melius；　affecting　empire；　circumvented　and　debauched　the　tribunes：　whereupon　Titus　Quintus　Cincinnatus　was　created　Dictator；　who　having　chosen　Servilius　Ahala　to　be　his　lieutenant；　or　magister　equitum；　sent　him　to　apprehend　Melius；　whom；　while　he　disputed　the　commands　of　the　Dictator　and　implored　the　aid　of　the　people；　Ahala　cut　off　upon　the　place。　By　which　example　you　may　see　in　what　cases　the　dictator　may　prevent　the　blow　which　is　ready　sometimes　to　fall　ere　the　people　be　aware　of　the　danger。　Wherefore　there　lies　no　appeal　from　the　Dieci；　or　the　Council　of　Ten；　in　Venice；　to　the　Great　Council；　nor　from　our　Council　of　War　to　the　people。　For　the　way　of　proceeding　of　this　tribe；　or　the　ballot；　it　is；　as　was　once　said　for　all；　Venetian。　　　　　〃This　discourse　of　judicatories　whereupon　we　are　fallen；　brings　us　rather　naturally　than　of　design　from　the　two　general　orders　of　every　commonwealth；　that　is　to　say；　from　the　debating　part；　or　the　Senate；　and　the　resolving　part；　or　the　people；　to　the　third；　which　is　the　executive　part　or　the　magistracy；　whereupon　I　shall　have　no　need　to　dwell；　for　the　executive　magistrates　of　this　commonw