a forgotten empire-vijayanagar-第67部分
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of DOS FEITOS QUE OS PORTUGUESES FIZERAM NO DESCUBRIMENTO E CONQUISTA DOS MARES E TERRAS DO ORIENTE。 His fourth DECADA； published by Couto； dealt with the period A。D。 1527 to 1539； and contained an account of the events that occurred during the governorships of Lopo Vaz de Sampaio and Nuno da Cunha。 Couto's own eight DECADAS covered the subsequent period down to 1600。 The combined work is generally called the DA ASIA。 Couto completed his publication in 1614。 The fourth DECADA was published in 1602； the fifth in 1612； the sixth in 1614； the seventh in 1616； the year of his death。 Couto spent almost all his life in India； for which country he embarked in 1556。
＇4＇ CHRONICA DOS REIS DE BISNAGA； by David Lopes； S。S。G。L。 Lisbon； 1897： at the National Press。 The extract given is taken from his Introduction； p。 lxxxvi。
＇5＇ Firishtah was a Persian of good family； and was born about 1570 A。D。 Early in his life he was taken by his father to India； and resided all his life at the Court of the Nizam Shahs of Ahmadnagar； rejoicing in royal patronage。 He appears to have begun to compile his historical works at an early age； since his account of the Bijapur kings was finished in 1596。 He appears to have died not long after the year 1611； which is the latest date referred to in any of his writings。
＇6＇ According to tradition the wealth carried off was something fabulous。 See Appendix B。
＇7＇ It is highly probable that amongst the hills and crags about the upper fortress of Anegundi there may be found remains of a date long prior to the fourteenth century； and it is much to be regretted that up to now no scientific examination of that tract； which lies in the present territories of Haidarabad； has been carried out。 Want of leisure always prevented my undertaking any exploration north of the river； but from the heights of Vijayanagar on the south side I often looked wistfully at the long lines of fortification visible on the hills opposite。 It is to be hoped that ere long the Government of Madras may place us in possession of a complete map of Vijayanagar and its environs； showing the whole area enclosed by the outermost line of fortifications； and including the outworks and suburbs。 Hospett and Anegundi were both part of the great city in its palmy days； and Kampli appears to have been a sort of outpost。
＇8＇ Nuniz erroneously gives the date as 1230。 The error will be commented on hereafter。
＇9＇ Scott； i。 45； 46。
＇10＇ Delhi。
＇11＇ The Portuguese historians often mistook 〃Cambay〃 for the name of the country； and 〃Gujarat〃 for one of its dependencies。
＇12＇ SIC。 The meaning is doubtful。
＇13＇ There is evidently a confusion here between tales of the doings of Muhammad Taghlaq and much older legends of Rama's Bridge and his army of monkeys。
＇14＇ Mallik Naib。 （See the chronicle below； pp。 296； 297。）
＇15＇ 〃Your honour〃 was probably the historian Barros （see preface）。
＇16＇ Sheik Ismail's power in Persia dates from early in the sixteenth century。 Duarte Barbosa； who was in India in 1514 and wrote in 1516； mentions him as contemporary。 He had subjugated Eastern Persia by that time and founded the Shiah religion。 Barbosa writes： 〃He is a Moor and a young man；〃 and states that he was not of royal lineage （Hakluyt edit。 p。 38）。 Nuniz was thus guilty of an anachronism； but he describes Persia as he knew it。
＇17＇ 〃Chronicle of the Pathan Kings of Delhi；〃 by Edward Thomas； p。 200。
＇18＇ Firishtah （Briggs； i。 413）。
＇19＇ Elphinstone； 〃History of India；〃 ii。 62。
＇20＇ Lee's translation； p。 144。
＇21＇ Sir H。 Elliot's 〃History of India；〃 iii。 215。
＇22＇ If we add together the number of years of the reigns of kings of Vijayanagar given by Nuniz prior to that of Krishna Deva Raya （〃Crisnarao〃）； we find that the total is 180 （Senhor Lopes； Introduction； p。 lxx。）。 The date of the beginning of the reign of Krishna Deva Raya is known to be 1509 10 A。D。； whence we obtain 1379 80 A。D。 as the foundation of the empire in the person of 〃Dehorao〃 according to the chronicle。 This is not quite accurate； but it helps to prove that 〃1230〃 is a century too early。
＇23＇ Batuta was a native of Tangiers； his name being Sheik Abu' Abdullah Muhammad。 He arrived at the Indus on the 1 Muharram A。H。 734 （September 12； 1333 A。D。）； and he seems to have resided in India till 1342。
＇24＇ The narrative is given in the French translation of Ibn Batuta's travels； by Defremery and Sanguinetti （vol。 iii。 pp。 318 320）。 See also Sir Henry Elliot's 〃History of India〃 （vol。 iii。 pp。 615 616）。
＇25＇ Firishtah's account is somewhat different； and he gives the date A。H。 739； or July 20； 1338； to July 9； 1339。 But I consider the narrative of Ibn Batuta to be far the most reliable； since he wrote from personal experience； while Firishtah compiled his story two and a half centuries later。
＇26＇ This was Ghiyas…ud…din Bahadur Bura of Bengal； mentioned above。
＇27＇ This tale is told of the rise of almost every kingdom； principality； or large zamindari in Southern India； the usual variant being the discovery of a hidden treasure。
＇28＇ I think that there can be little doubt that this derivation； though often given； is erroneous； and that the name was 〃City of Victory；〃 not 〃City of Learning；〃 VIJAYA； not VIDYA。 VYDIAJUNA evidently represents VIDYARJUNA。
＇29＇ Buchanan （〃Mysore；〃 &c。； iii。 110）； while on a visit to Beidur in Mysore in 1801； was shown by one Ramappa Varmika a Sanskrit book in his possession called the VIDYARAYANA SIKKA； which relates that the founders of Vijayanagar were Hukka and Bukka； guards of the treasury of Pratapa Rudra of Warangal。 These young men came to the Guru； or spiritual teacher； Vidyaranya； who was head of the monastery of Sringeri； and the latter founded for them the city of Vijayanagar。 This was in 1336； and Hukka was made first king。 But this story entirely leaves out of account the most important point。 How could two brothers； flying from a captured capital and a conquered kingdom； suddenly establish in a new country a great city and a sovereignty？
＇30＇ DECADA VI。 l。 v。 c。 4。
＇31＇ 〃India in the Fifteenth Century；〃 Hakluyt edit。； p。 29。
＇32＇ JOURNAL BOMBAY BR。 R。A。S。； xii。 338； 340。
＇33＇ There is an undated inscription； published in Dr。 Hultzsch's 〃South Indian Inscriptions〃 （vol。 i。 p。 167）； on a rock not far from the summit of the lofty hill on which stands the virgin fortress of Gutti or Gooty in the Anantapur District； according to which that stronghold belonged to King Bukka。 The place is seventy…eight miles east of Vijayanagar。
＇34＇ EPIG。 IND。； iii。 36。
＇35＇ An inscription of 1368 69 （Saka 1290； year Kilaka） mentions Madhavacharya Vidyaranya； apparently as still living。 IND。 ANT。； iv。 206。
＇36＇ See my 〃Antiquities of Madras；〃 ii。 8； No。 58； Hultzsch's EPIG。 INDICA； iii。 21。
＇37＇ Briggs； i。 427。
＇38＇ This is in itself absurd； and carries with it its own refutation。 It would be manifestly impossible for the city to be 〃built〃 in so short a time； and； moreover； it would have been sheer waste of time for the Prince to have employed himself in such a way。 The sentence was probably introduced merely to account for that city having been built ABOUT this period。
＇39＇ Firishtah says on 1st Rabi…ul…awwal A。H。 759； A。H。 761 （A。D。 1359 60） according to the BURHAN…I…MAASIR。 But the author of the latter work says that Ala…ud…din reigned thirteen years ten months and twenty…seven days； which would make the date of his death the 22nd of Rabi…ul…awwal A。H。 762； or January 31； A。D。 1361。 He does not； therefore； appear to be very accurate。 Firishtah gives in words the length of his reign as 〃eleven years two months and seven days。〃
＇40＇ Certain inscriptions published by Mr。 Rice state that the general who commanded Bukka's armies about this time was Nadegonta Mallinatha； son of Nadegonta Sayyana。 These bear date A。D。 1355 1356 and 1356 57。
＇41＇ Called 〃Nagdeo〃 in Scott's translation （i。 19）。
＇42＇ Briggs； ii。 307。
＇43＇ There is a confusion of dates here in Firishtah； but he definitely fixes the month and year when Muhammad set out； and we may accept it for the present。 The BURHAN…I…MAASIR implies that the war against Vijayanagar took place prior to the campaign against Warangal。 Firishtah places it certainly after the 〃Vellunputtun〃 affair。
＇44＇ Firishtah （Scott； i。 23）。
＇45＇ Adoni as now called； Adhvani as properly spelt。 This is a fine hill…fortress with extensive lines of walls； a few miles south of the River Tungabhadra and on the line of railway between Madras and Bombay。
＇46＇ We must never forget that the narrative of Firishtah is necessarily tinged with bias in favour of the Musalmans； and that it was not compiled till the end of the sixteenth or beginning of the seventeenth century A。D。 The 〃infidels〃 are； of course； the Hindus； the 〃faithful〃 the followers of Muhammad the Prophet。
＇47＇ The country in question is a plain composed of a deep alluvial deposit； generally overlying gravel； and known as 〃black cotton soil。〃 After heavy rain it is practically impassable for traffic for some days。
＇48＇ The expression of Firishtah last quoted is deserving of note； as it implies that； according to tradition in his time； the Raya of Vijayanagar had by the year 1366 A。D。 become a great and important sovereign。
＇49＇ Briggs （ii。 312； n。） considers it unlikely that the armies could have possessed artillery at so early a date。
＇50＇ Scott's edit。； i。 27。
＇51＇ Briggs gives the name as Bhoj…Mul。 He MAY be the Mallayya or Mallinatha mentioned above （p。 31； note）。
＇52＇ Sacred animals to the Hindus。
＇53＇ About forty…two miles。
＇54＇ The Tiger…Hunter。
＇55＇ 19th Zilkada A。H。 776 （Firishtah）。 The BURHAN…I MAASIR says in A。H。 775。
＇56＇ The BURHAN…I MAASIR calls the Raya 〃Kapazah。〃 Major King says that even the vowel marks are given； and there can be no doubt about the name。 I venture to hazard a conjecture that if the word had been written 〃Pakazah；〃 transposing the first two consonants a mistake occasionally made by writers dealing with； to them； outlandish names the sound of the word would suggest Bukka Shah。 There is no name that I have met with amongst those borne by the kings of Vijayanagar in the remotest degree r
