pioneers of the old south-第14部分

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forest　bordering　Potomac　and　Susquehanna：　Knives　and　hatchets；　beads；
trinkets；　and　colored　cloth　were　changed　for　rich　furs　and　various　articles
that　the　Indians　could　furnish。　The　skins　thus　gathered　Claiborne　shipped
to　London　merchants；　and　was　like　to　grow　wealthy　from　what　his　trading
brought。

Looking　upon　the　future　and　contemplating　barter　on　a　princely　scale；　he
set　to　work　and　obtained　exhaustive　licenses　from　the　immediate　Virginian
authorities；　and　at　last　from　the　King　himself。　Under　these　grants；
Claiborne　began　to　provide　settlements　for　his　numerous　traders。　Far　up　the
Chesapeake；　a　hundred　miles　or　so　from　Point　Comfort；　he　found　an　island
that　he　liked；　and　named　it　Kent　Island。　Here　for　his　men　he　built　cabins
with　gardens　around　them；　a　mill　and　a　church。　He　was　far　from　the　river
James　and　the　mass　of　his　fellows；　but　he　esteemed　himself　to　be　in
Virginia　and　upon　his　own　land。　What　came　of　Claiborne's　enterprise　the
sequel　has　to　show。



CHAPTER　IX。　MARYLAND

There　now　enters　upon　the　scene　in　Virginia　a　man　of　middle　age；　not
without　experience　in　planting　colonies；　by　name　George　Calvert；　first　Lord
Baltimore。　Of　Flemish　ancestry；　born　in　Yorkshire；　scholar　at　Oxford；
traveler；　clerk　of　the　Privy　Council；　a　Secretary　of　State　under　James；
member　of　the　House　of　Commons；　member　of　the　Virginia　Company；　he　knew
many　of　the　ramifications　of　life。　A　man　of　worth　and　weight；　he　was　placed
by　temperament　and　education　upon　the　side　of　the　court　party　and　the　Crown
in　the　growing　contest　over　rights。　About　the　year　1625；　under　what
influence　is　not　known；　he　had　openly　professed　the　Roman　Catholic
faithand　that　took　courage　in　the　seventeenth　century；　in　England！

Some　years　before；　Calvert　had　obtained　from　the　Crown　a　grant　of　a　part　of
Newfoundland；　had　named　it　Avalon；　and　had　built　great　hopes　upon　its
settlement。　But　the　northern　winter　had　worked　against　him。　He　knew；　for　he
had　resided　there　himself　with　his　family　in　that　harsh　clime。　〃From　the
middle　of　October　to　the　middle　of　May　there　is　a　sad　fare　of　winter　on　all
this　land。〃　He　is　writing　to　King　Charles；　and　he　goes　on　to　say　〃I　have
had　strong　temptations　to　leave　all　proceedings　in　plantations　。　。　。but　my
inclination　carrying　me　naturally　to　these　kind　of　works　。。　。　I　am
determined　to　commit　this　place　to　fishermen　that　are　able　to　encounter
storms　and　hard　weather；　and　to　remove　myself　with　some　forty　persons　to
your　Majesty's　dominion　of　Virginia　where；　if　your　Majesty　will　please　to
grant　me　a　precinct　of　land。　。　。　I　shall　endeavour　to　the　utmost　of　my
power；　to　deserve　it。〃

With　his　immediate　following　he　thereupon　does　sail　far　southward。　In
October；　1629；　he　comes　in　between　the　capes；　past　Point　Comfort　and　so　up
to　Jamestownto　the　embarrassment　of　that　capital；　as　will　soon　be　evident。

Here　in　Church　of　England　Virginia　was　a　〃popish　recusant！〃　Here　was　an　old
〃court　party〃　man；　one　of　James's　commissioners；　a　person　of　rank　and
prestige；　known；　for　all　his　recusancy；　to　be　in　favor　with　the　present
King。　Here　was　the　Proprietary　of　Avalon；　guessed　to　be　dissatisfied　with
his　chilly　holding；　on　the　scent　perhaps　of　balmier；　easier　things！

The　Assembly　was　in　session　when　Lord　Baltimore　came　to　Jamestown。　All
arrivers　in　Virginia　must　take　the　oath　of　supremacy。　The　Assembly　proposed
this　to　the　visitor　who；　as　Roman　Catholic；　could　not　take　it；　and　said　as
much；　but　offered　his　own　declaration　of　friendliness　to　the　powers　that
were。　This　was　declined。　Debate　followed；　ending　with　a　request　from　the
Assembly　that　the　visitor　depart　from　Virginia。　Some　harshness　of　speech
ensued；　but　hospitality　and　the　amenities　fairly　saved　the　situation。　One
Thomas　Tindall　was　pilloried　for　〃giving　my　lord　Baltimore　the　lie　and
threatening　to　knock　him　down。〃　Baltimore　thereupon　set　sail；　but　not；
perhaps；　until　he　had　gained　that　knowledge　of　conditions　which　he　desired。

In　England　he　found　the　King　willing　to　make　him　a　large　grant；　with　no
less　powers　than　had　clothed　him　in　Avalon。　Territory　should　be　taken　from
the　old　Virginia；　it　must　be　of　unsettled　landIndians　of　course　not
counting。　Baltimore　first　thought　of　the　stretch　south　of　the　river　James
between　Virginia　and　Spanish　Floridaa　fair　land　of　woods　and　streams；　of
good　harbors；　and　summer　weather。　But　suddenly　William　Claiborne　was　found
to　be　in　London；　sent　there　by　the　Virginians；　with　representations　in　his
pocket。　Virginia　was　already　settled　and　had　the　intention　herself　of
expanding　to　the　south。

Baltimore；　the　King；　and　the　Privy　Council　weighed　the　matter。　Westward；
the　blue　mountains　closed　the　prospect。　Was　the　South　Sea　just　beyond　their
sunset　slopes；　or　was　it　much　farther　away；　over　unknown　lands；　than　the
first　adventurers　had　guessed？　Either　way；　too　rugged　hardship　marked　the
west！　East　rolled　the　ocean。　North；　then？　It　were　well　to　step　in　before
those　Hollanders　about　the　mouth　of　the　Hudson　should　cast　nets　to　the
south。　Baltimore　accordingly　asked　for　a　grant　north　of　the　Potomac。

He　received　a　huge　territory；　stretching　over　what　is　now　Maryland；
Delaware；　and　a　part　of　Pennsylvania。　The　Potomac；　from　source　to　mouth；
with　a　line　across　Chesapeake　and　the　Eastern　Shore　to　the　ocean　formed　his
southern　frontier；　his　northern　was　the　fortieth　parallel；　from　the　ocean
across　country　to　the　due　point　above　the　springs　of　the　Potomac。　Over　this
great　expanse　he　became　〃true　and　absolute　lord　and　proprietary；〃　holding
fealty　to　England；　but　otherwise　at　liberty　to　rule　in　his　own　domain　with
every　power　of　feudal　duke　or　prince。　The　King　had　his　allegiance；　likewise
a　fifth　part　of　gold　or　silver　found　within　his　lands。　All　persons　going　to
dwell　in　his　palatinate　were　to　have　〃rights　and　liberties　of　Englishmen。〃
But；　this　aside；　he　was　lord　paramount。　The　new　country　received　the　name
Terra　MariaeMarylandfor　Henrietta　Maria；　then　Queen　of　England。

Here　was　a　new　land　and　a　Lord　Proprietor　with　kingly　powers。　Virginians
seated　on　the　James　promptly　petitioned　King　Charles　not　to　do　them　wrong
by　so　dividing　their　portion　of　the　earth。　But　King　and　Privy　Council
answered　only　that　Virginia　and　Maryland　must　〃assist　each　other　on　all
occasions　as　becometh　fellow…subjects。〃　William　Claiborne；　indeed；　continued
with　a　determined　voice　to　cry　out　that　lands　given　to　Baltimore　were　not；
as　had　been　claimed；　unsettled；　seeing　that　he　himself　had　under　patent　a
town　on　Kent　Island　and　another　at　the　mouth　of　the　Susquehanna。

Baltimore　was　a　reflective　man；　a　dreamer　in　the　good　sense　of　the　term；
and　religiously　minded。　At　the　height　of　seeming　good　fortune　he　could　write：

〃All　things；　my　lord；　in　this　world　pass　away　。　。　。　。　They　are　but　lent　us
till　God　please　to　call　for　them　back　again；　that　we　may　not　esteem
anything　our　own；　or　set　our　hearts　upon　anything　but　Him　alone；　who　only
remains　forever。〃　Like　his　King；　Baltimore　could　carry　far　his　prerogative
and　privilege；　maintaining　the　while　not　a　few　degrees　of　inner　freedom。
Like　all　men；　here　he　was　bound；　and　here　he　was　free。

Baltimore's　desire　was　for　〃enlarging　his　Majesty's　Empire；〃　and　at　the
same　time　to　provide　in　Maryland　a　refuge　for　his　fellow　Catholics。　These
were　now　in　England　so　disabled　and　limited　that　their　status　might　fairly
be　called　that　of　a　persecuted　people。　The　mounting　Puritanism　promised　no
improvement。　The　King　himself　had　no　fierce　antagonism　to　the　old　religion；
but　it　was　beginning　to　be　seen　that　Charles　and　Charles's　realm　were　two
different　things。　A　haven　should　be　provided　before　the　storm　blackened
further。　Baltimore　thus　saw　put　into　his　hands　a　high　and　holy　opportunity；
and　made　no　doubt　that　it　was　God…given。　His　charter；　indeed；　seemed　to
contemplate　an　established　church；　for　it　gave　to　Baltimore　the　patronage
of　all　churches　and　chapels　which　were　to　be　〃consecrated　according　to　the
ecclesiastical　laws　of　our　kingdom　of　England〃；　nevertheless；　no
interpretation　of　the　charter　was　to　be　made　prejudicial　to　〃God's　holy　and
true　Christian　religion。〃　What　was　Christian　and　what　was　prejudicial　was；
fortunately　for　him；　left　undefined。　No　obstacles　were　placed　before　a
Catholic　emigration。

Baltimore　had　this　idea　and　perhaps　a　still　wider　one：　a　landMary's
landwhere　all　Christians　might　foregather；　brothers　and　sisters　in　one
home！　Religious　tolerancepractical　separation　of　Church　and　Statethat
was　a　broad　idea　for　his　age；　a　generous　idea　for　a　Roman　Catholic　of　a
time　not　so　far　removed　from　the　mediaeval。　True；　wherever　he　went　and
whatever　might　be　his　own　thought　and　feeling；　he　would　still　have　for
overlord　a　Protestant　sovereign；　and　the　words　of　his　charter　forbade　him
to　make　laws　repugnant　to　the　laws　of　England。　But　Maryland　was　distant；
and　wise　management　might　do　much。　Catholics；　Anglicans；　Puritans；
Dissidents；　and　Nonconformists　of　almost　any　physiognomy；　might　come　and　be
at　home；　unpunished　for　variations　in　belief。

Only　the　personal　friendship　of　England's　King　and　the　tact　and　suave
sagacity　of　the　Proprietary　himself　could　have　procured　the　signing　of　this
charter；　since　it　was　knownas　it　was　to　all　who　cared　to　busy　themselves
with　the　matter…that　here　was　a　Catholic　meaning　to　take　other　Catholics；
together　with　other　scarcely　less　abominable　sectaries；　out　of　the　reach　of
Recusancy　Acts　and　religious　pains　and　penalties；　to　set　them　free　in
England…in…America；　and；　raising　there　a　state　on　the　novel　basis　of　free
religion；　perhaps　to　convert　the　heathen　to　all　manner　of　rrors；　and　embark
on　mischiefs　far　too　large　for　definition。　Taking　things　as　they　were　in
the　world；　remembering　acts　of　the　Catholic　Church　in　the　not　distant　past；
the　ill…disposed　might　find　some　color　for　the　agitation　which　presently　did
arise。　Baltimore　was　known　to　be　in　correspondence　with　English　Jesuits；　and
it　soon　appeared　that　Jesuit　priests　were　to　accompany　the　first　colonists。　At
that　time　the　Society　of　Jesus　loomed　large　both　politically　and
educationally。　Many　may　have　thought　that　there　threatened　a　Rome　in　America。
But；　however　that　may　have　been；　there　was　small　chance　for　any　successful
opposition　to　the　charte