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                     A Theologico´Political Treatise 



A Theologico´Political 

                       Treatise 



              Part III ´ Chapters XI to XV 



                         Baruch Spinoza 



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                              CHAPTER XI 



     AN     INQUIRY        WHETHER          THE     APOSTLES         WROTE        THEIR 

EPISTLES         AS    APOSTLES         AND     PROPHETS�察        �OR     MERELY        AS 

TEACHERS�察�AND AN EXPLANATION OF WHAT IS MEANT BY AN 

APOSTLE。 

       ��1�� No reader of the New Testament can doubt that the Apostles were 

prophets�察�but as a prophet does not always speak by revelation�察�but only�察�at 

rare intervals�察�as we showed at the end of Chap。 I。�察�we may fairly inquire 

whether the Apostles   wrote   their   Epistles   as   prophets�察 �by  revelation   and 

express mandate�察�as Moses�察�Jeremiah�察�and others did�察�or whether only as 

private   individuals   or   teachers�察  �especially   as   Paul�察  �in   Corinthians   xiv��6�察�

mentions two sorts of preaching。 

     ��2��   If   we   examine   the   style   of   the   Epistles�察  �we   shall   find   it   totally 

different from that employed by the prophets。 

     ��3��   The   prophets    are  continually    asserting   that  they   speak    by  the 

command of God�此 �Thus saith the Lord�察─ �The Lord of hosts saith�察─ �The 

command        of  the   Lord�察─  �&c。�察  �and    this  was   their   habit  not   only   in 

assemblies of the prophets�察�but also in their epistles containing revelations�察�

as appears from the epistle of Elijah to Jehoram�察�2 Chron。 xxi��12�察�which 

begins�察 �Thus saith the Lord。; 

     ��4�� In the Apostolic Epistles we find nothing of the sort。 

     ��5��   Contrariwise�察  �in   I   Cor。   vii��40   Paul   speaks   according   to   his   own 

opinion   and   in   many   passages   we   come   across   doubtful   and   perplexed 

phrase�察   �such    as�察  �We    think�察 �therefore�察─   �Rom。    iii��28�察  �Now     I  think�察─�

��Endnote 24�В察�Rom。 viii��18�察�and so on。 ��6�� Besides these�察�other expressions 

are met with very different from those used by the prophets。 

     ��7�� For instance�察�1 Cor。 vii��6�察 �But I speak this by permission�察�not by 

commandment�察─ �I give my judgment as one that hath obtained mercy of 

the Lord to be faithful; ��1 Cor。 vii��25���察�and so on in many other passages。 

��8�� We must also remark that in the aforesaid chapter the Apostle says that 

when he states that he has or has not the precept or commandment of God�察�

he does not mean the precept or commandment of God revealed to himself�察�

but   only   the   words   uttered   by   Christ   in   His   Sermon   on   the   Mount。   ��9�� 



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Furthermore�察  �if   we   examine   the   manner   in   which   the Apostles   give   out 

evangelical       doctrine�察   �we   shall   see   that   it  differs   materially     from    the 

method adopted by the prophets。 ��10�� The Apostles everywhere reason as 

if they were arguing rather than prophesying�察�the prophecies�察�on the other 

hand�察�contain only dogmas and commands。 ��11�� God is therein introduced 

not as speaking to reason�察�but as issuing decrees by His absolute fiat。 ��12�� 

The authority of the prophets does not submit to discussion�察�for whosoever 

wishes      to  find   rational    ground    for   his   arguments�察     �by   that  very    wish 

submits them to everyone's private judgment。 ��13�� This Paul�察�inasmuch as 

he uses reason�察�appears to have done�察�for he says in 1 Cor。 x��15�察 �I speak 

as to wise men�察�judge ye what I say。; ��14�� The prophets�察�as we showed at 

the end of Chapter I。�察�did not perceive what was revealed by virtue of their 

natural   reason�察  �and   though   there   are   certain   passages   in   the   Pentateuch 

which      seem     to   be   appeals     to   induction�察    �they    turn   out�察  �on    nearer 

examination�察�to be nothing but peremptory commands。 ��15�� For instance�察�

when Moses says�察�Deut。 xxxi��27�察 �Behold�察�while I am yet alive with you�察�

this   day   ye   have   been   rebellious   against   the   Lord�察  �and   how   much   more 

after   my   death�察─  �we   must   by   no   means   conclude   that   Moses   wished   to 

convince   the   Israelites   by   reason   that   they   would   necessarily   fall   away 

from the worship of the Lord after his death�察�for the argument would have 

been     false�察  �as  Scripture     itself  shows�此    �the  Israelites    continued     faithful 

during the lives of Joshua and the elders�察�and afterwards during the time of 

Samuel�察  �David�察  �and   Solomon。   ��16��   Therefore   the   words   of   Moses   are 

merely   a   moral   injunction�察  �in   which   he   predicts   rhetorically   the   future 

backsliding of the people so as to impress it vividly on their imagination。 

��17�� I say that Moses spoke of himself in order to lend likelihood to his 

prediction�察�and not as a prophet by revelation�察�because in verse 21 of the 

same   chapter  we  are  told that   God   revealed   the  same   thing   to   Moses   in 

different     words�察    �and   there    was    no   need    to   make     Moses     certain    by 

argument   of   God's   prediction   and   decree�察  �it   was   only   necessary   that   it 

should   be   vividly   impressed   on   his   imagination�察  �and   this   could   not   be 

better    accomplished       than    by   imagining     the   existing    contumacy   of      the 

people�察�of which he had had frequent experience�察�as likely to extend into 

the future。 



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     ��18�� All the arguments employed by Moses in the five books are to be 

understood in a similar manner�察�they are not drawn from the armoury of 

reason�察    �but   are  merely�察   �modes     of   expression     calculated     to  instil  with 

efficacy�察�and present vividly to the imagination the commands of God。 ��19�� 

However�察�I do not wish absolutely to deny that the prophets ever argued 

from revelation�察  �I  only  maintain   that   the  prophets   made   more  legitimate 

use of argument in proportion as their knowledge approached more nearly 

to    ordinary    knowledge�察      �and   by   this   we   know     that  they    possessed     a 

knowledge        above    the   ordinary�察   �inasmuch      as  they   proclaimed      absolute 

dogmas�察�decrees�察�or judgments。 ��20�� Thus Moses�察�the chief of the prophets�察�

never     used    legitimate     argument�察     �and�察   �on   the   other    hand�察   �the   long 

deductions   and   arguments   of   Paul�察 �such   as   we   find   in   the  Epistle   to   the 

Romans�察�are in nowise written from supernatural revelation。 

     ��21�� The modes of expression and discourse adopted by the Apostles 

in   the   Epistles�察  �show     very   clearly   that   the  latter  were    not   written   by 

revelation   and   Divine   command�察  �but   merely   by   the   natural   powers   and 

judgment of the authors。 ��22�� They consist in brotherly admonitions and 

courteous expressions such as would never be employed in prophecy�察�as 

for   instance�察  �Paul's   excuse   in   Romans   xv��15�察   �I   have   written   the   more 

boldly unto you in some sort�察�my brethren。; 

     ��23��   We   may   arrive   at   the   same   conclusion   from   observing   that   we 

never read that the Apostles were commanded to write�察�but only that they 

went   everywhere   preaching�察  �and   confirmed   their   words   with   signs。   ��24�� 

Their     personal     presence     and   signs   were    absolutely     necessary     for   the 

conversion and establishment in religion of the Gentiles�察�as Paul himself 

expressly states in Rom。 i��11�察 �But I long to see you�察�that I may impart to 

you some spiritual gift�察�to the end that ye may be established。; 

     ��25�� It may be objected that we might prove in similar fashion that the 

Apostles   did   not   preach   as   prophets�察  �for   they   did   not   go   to   particular 

places�察�as the prophets did�察�by the command of God。 ��26�� We read in the 

Old Testament that Jonah went to Nineveh to preach�察�and at the same time 

that he was expressly sent there�察�and told that he most preach。 ��27�� So also 

it   is  related�察  �at  great   length�察  �of  Moses     that   he  went    to  Egypt    as   the 

messenger of God�察�and was told at the same time what he should say to the 



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children of Israel and to king Pharaoh�察�and what wonders he should work 

before them to give credit to his words。 ��28�� Isaiah�察�Jeremiah�察�and Ezekiel 

were expressly commanded to preach to the Israelites。 Lastly�察�the prophets 

only preached   what we   are assured by Scripture   they had   received from 

God�察�whereas this is hardly ever said of the Apostles in the New Testament�察�

when they went about to preach。 ��29�� On the contrary�察�we find passages 

expressly implying that the Apostles chose the places where they should 

preach on their own responsibility�察�for there was a difference amounting to 

a quarrel between Paul and Barnabas on the subject ��Acts xv��37�察�38��。 ��30�� 

Often   they  wished   to   go   to   a   place�察  �but   were   prevented�察  �as   Paul   writes�察�

Rom。 i��13�察 �Oftentimes I purposed to come to you�察�but was let hitherto�察─�

and in I Cor。 xvi��12�察 �As touching our brother Apollos�察�I greatly desired 

him to come unto you with the brethren�察�but his will was not at all to come 

at this time�此�but he will come when he shall have convenient time。; 

     ��31��   From   these   expressions   and   differences   of   opinion   among   the 

Apostles�察�and also from the fact that Scripture nowhe

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