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A Theologico´Political Treatise
A Theologico´Political
Treatise
Part III ´ Chapters XI to XV
Baruch Spinoza
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A Theologico´Political Treatise
CHAPTER XI
AN INQUIRY WHETHER THE APOSTLES WROTE THEIR
EPISTLES AS APOSTLES AND PROPHETS�察 �OR MERELY AS
TEACHERS�察�AND AN EXPLANATION OF WHAT IS MEANT BY AN
APOSTLE。
��1�� No reader of the New Testament can doubt that the Apostles were
prophets�察�but as a prophet does not always speak by revelation�察�but only�察�at
rare intervals�察�as we showed at the end of Chap。 I。�察�we may fairly inquire
whether the Apostles wrote their Epistles as prophets�察 �by revelation and
express mandate�察�as Moses�察�Jeremiah�察�and others did�察�or whether only as
private individuals or teachers�察 �especially as Paul�察 �in Corinthians xiv��6�察�
mentions two sorts of preaching。
��2�� If we examine the style of the Epistles�察 �we shall find it totally
different from that employed by the prophets。
��3�� The prophets are continually asserting that they speak by the
command of God�此 �Thus saith the Lord�察─ �The Lord of hosts saith�察─ �The
command of the Lord�察─ �&c。�察 �and this was their habit not only in
assemblies of the prophets�察�but also in their epistles containing revelations�察�
as appears from the epistle of Elijah to Jehoram�察�2 Chron。 xxi��12�察�which
begins�察 �Thus saith the Lord。;
��4�� In the Apostolic Epistles we find nothing of the sort。
��5�� Contrariwise�察 �in I Cor。 vii��40 Paul speaks according to his own
opinion and in many passages we come across doubtful and perplexed
phrase�察 �such as�察 �We think�察 �therefore�察─ �Rom。 iii��28�察 �Now I think�察─�
��Endnote 24�В察�Rom。 viii��18�察�and so on。 ��6�� Besides these�察�other expressions
are met with very different from those used by the prophets。
��7�� For instance�察�1 Cor。 vii��6�察 �But I speak this by permission�察�not by
commandment�察─ �I give my judgment as one that hath obtained mercy of
the Lord to be faithful; ��1 Cor。 vii��25���察�and so on in many other passages。
��8�� We must also remark that in the aforesaid chapter the Apostle says that
when he states that he has or has not the precept or commandment of God�察�
he does not mean the precept or commandment of God revealed to himself�察�
but only the words uttered by Christ in His Sermon on the Mount。 ��9��
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Furthermore�察 �if we examine the manner in which the Apostles give out
evangelical doctrine�察 �we shall see that it differs materially from the
method adopted by the prophets。 ��10�� The Apostles everywhere reason as
if they were arguing rather than prophesying�察�the prophecies�察�on the other
hand�察�contain only dogmas and commands。 ��11�� God is therein introduced
not as speaking to reason�察�but as issuing decrees by His absolute fiat。 ��12��
The authority of the prophets does not submit to discussion�察�for whosoever
wishes to find rational ground for his arguments�察 �by that very wish
submits them to everyone's private judgment。 ��13�� This Paul�察�inasmuch as
he uses reason�察�appears to have done�察�for he says in 1 Cor。 x��15�察 �I speak
as to wise men�察�judge ye what I say。; ��14�� The prophets�察�as we showed at
the end of Chapter I。�察�did not perceive what was revealed by virtue of their
natural reason�察 �and though there are certain passages in the Pentateuch
which seem to be appeals to induction�察 �they turn out�察 �on nearer
examination�察�to be nothing but peremptory commands。 ��15�� For instance�察�
when Moses says�察�Deut。 xxxi��27�察 �Behold�察�while I am yet alive with you�察�
this day ye have been rebellious against the Lord�察 �and how much more
after my death�察─ �we must by no means conclude that Moses wished to
convince the Israelites by reason that they would necessarily fall away
from the worship of the Lord after his death�察�for the argument would have
been false�察 �as Scripture itself shows�此 �the Israelites continued faithful
during the lives of Joshua and the elders�察�and afterwards during the time of
Samuel�察 �David�察 �and Solomon。 ��16�� Therefore the words of Moses are
merely a moral injunction�察 �in which he predicts rhetorically the future
backsliding of the people so as to impress it vividly on their imagination。
��17�� I say that Moses spoke of himself in order to lend likelihood to his
prediction�察�and not as a prophet by revelation�察�because in verse 21 of the
same chapter we are told that God revealed the same thing to Moses in
different words�察 �and there was no need to make Moses certain by
argument of God's prediction and decree�察 �it was only necessary that it
should be vividly impressed on his imagination�察 �and this could not be
better accomplished than by imagining the existing contumacy of the
people�察�of which he had had frequent experience�察�as likely to extend into
the future。
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��18�� All the arguments employed by Moses in the five books are to be
understood in a similar manner�察�they are not drawn from the armoury of
reason�察 �but are merely�察 �modes of expression calculated to instil with
efficacy�察�and present vividly to the imagination the commands of God。 ��19��
However�察�I do not wish absolutely to deny that the prophets ever argued
from revelation�察 �I only maintain that the prophets made more legitimate
use of argument in proportion as their knowledge approached more nearly
to ordinary knowledge�察 �and by this we know that they possessed a
knowledge above the ordinary�察 �inasmuch as they proclaimed absolute
dogmas�察�decrees�察�or judgments。 ��20�� Thus Moses�察�the chief of the prophets�察�
never used legitimate argument�察 �and�察 �on the other hand�察 �the long
deductions and arguments of Paul�察 �such as we find in the Epistle to the
Romans�察�are in nowise written from supernatural revelation。
��21�� The modes of expression and discourse adopted by the Apostles
in the Epistles�察 �show very clearly that the latter were not written by
revelation and Divine command�察 �but merely by the natural powers and
judgment of the authors。 ��22�� They consist in brotherly admonitions and
courteous expressions such as would never be employed in prophecy�察�as
for instance�察 �Paul's excuse in Romans xv��15�察 �I have written the more
boldly unto you in some sort�察�my brethren。;
��23�� We may arrive at the same conclusion from observing that we
never read that the Apostles were commanded to write�察�but only that they
went everywhere preaching�察 �and confirmed their words with signs。 ��24��
Their personal presence and signs were absolutely necessary for the
conversion and establishment in religion of the Gentiles�察�as Paul himself
expressly states in Rom。 i��11�察 �But I long to see you�察�that I may impart to
you some spiritual gift�察�to the end that ye may be established。;
��25�� It may be objected that we might prove in similar fashion that the
Apostles did not preach as prophets�察 �for they did not go to particular
places�察�as the prophets did�察�by the command of God。 ��26�� We read in the
Old Testament that Jonah went to Nineveh to preach�察�and at the same time
that he was expressly sent there�察�and told that he most preach。 ��27�� So also
it is related�察 �at great length�察 �of Moses that he went to Egypt as the
messenger of God�察�and was told at the same time what he should say to the
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children of Israel and to king Pharaoh�察�and what wonders he should work
before them to give credit to his words。 ��28�� Isaiah�察�Jeremiah�察�and Ezekiel
were expressly commanded to preach to the Israelites。 Lastly�察�the prophets
only preached what we are assured by Scripture they had received from
God�察�whereas this is hardly ever said of the Apostles in the New Testament�察�
when they went about to preach。 ��29�� On the contrary�察�we find passages
expressly implying that the Apostles chose the places where they should
preach on their own responsibility�察�for there was a difference amounting to
a quarrel between Paul and Barnabas on the subject ��Acts xv��37�察�38��。 ��30��
Often they wished to go to a place�察 �but were prevented�察 �as Paul writes�察�
Rom。 i��13�察 �Oftentimes I purposed to come to you�察�but was let hitherto�察─�
and in I Cor。 xvi��12�察 �As touching our brother Apollos�察�I greatly desired
him to come unto you with the brethren�察�but his will was not at all to come
at this time�此�but he will come when he shall have convenient time。;
��31�� From these expressions and differences of opinion among the
Apostles�察�and also from the fact that Scripture nowhe