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及21何蛍

the dawn of amateur radio in the u[1].k.(辺咄字鴨侘議貴伏)-及21何蛍


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ultra´long´wavelength         transmitters�察   �and    from   then    on  the   commercial 

companies        concentrated      their   efforts   on    developing      equipment      for 

international communications on the short waves。 

       With present´day electronic news gathering and world´wide satellite 

links�察  �the   problems   faced   by   broadcasting   organisations   fifty   years   ago 

when transmitting   programmes   which   did not   originate   in   a   studio   were 

thought to be very complex。 In the B。B。C。 Handbook for 1928 there was 

an article entitled `Outside Broadcast Problems' which said�察�

       ;Work outside the studio is often the most difficult that the broadcast 

engineer can be asked to undertake�察�not so much from a technical as from 

a practical point of view。 Very often he has to take his apparatus to some 

place   he   has   never   seen   before�察  �set   up   his   amplifiers   in   most   awkward 

positions�察�test his   lines to the  studio�察�decide on his microphone  placings 

and run out the wiring in the space of an hour or so�察�with little previous 

experience to guide him。 It is in fairly echoey halls�察�theatres and churches 

that the majority of outside broadcasts take place。 For example�察�a sermon 

preached   in   a  church   would   be   intelligible   probably  to   the  whole   of   the 

congregation。       But    to   render    it  intelligibly    on   a   loud´speaker�察     �the 

microphone would have to be�察�say�察�not more than ten feet from the speaker。 

In broadcasting a play from a theatre�察�when the speakers are moving about�察�

the only way of dealing with the problem is to use several microphones 



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and a mixing device which enables the engineer to change silently from 

one   microphone   to   another�察  �or   to   combine   them   in   varying   proportions。 

Some rapid switching may sometimes be necessary。 

       ;Even with good microphones and amplifiers the engineer in the field 

may   often   experience   difficulties   with   the   lines   connecting   the   outside 

point to the studio。 The majority of such lines do not transmit the higher 

frequencies adequately�察�especially the longer ones。 The problems become 

immense        when      European       simultaneous       broadcasts      are   attempted。 

Experiments   on   the   continental   wireless   link   have   done   no   more   than 

reveal   its   unreliability。   The   undersea   telephone   line�察  �however�察  �does   not 

give either good or even intelligible quality of speech if it is longer than a 

couple of hundred miles�察�and it is quite unusable for the transmission of a 

musical programme。 

       ;The B。B。C。 has been the first in the world to exploit Simultaneous 

Broadcasting to its fullest advantage for a national system�察�and thanks to 

the co´operation   of the   Post Office   engineers�察�it   is possible to pick up   a 

programme wherever it may take place within the British Isles and radiate 

it simultaneously from all distribution centres。 

       ;Looking      ahead    still  further  and   assuming      that  the   wireless    will 

supplement   the   wire   line   link�察  �there   is   no   reason   why   a   simultaneous 

broadcast of something of fundamental importance to the whole civilised 

world should not take place some time in the future。; 

       In a book entitled ;Radio Goes to War; published by Faber & Faber 

in 1943�察�Charles J。 Rolo wrote�察�

       ;Radio   went   to   war   on   five   continents   shortly   after   the   Nazi   Party 

came to power in Germany。 In nine years it has been streamlined from a 

crude   propaganda   bludgeon   into   the   most   powerful   single   instrument   of 

political warfare the world has ever known。 Spreading with the speed of 

light�察�it carries the human voice seven times round the globe in one second。 

When Hitler makes a speech in the Kroll Opera House in Berlin�察�listeners 

in America and the whole world hear his words by short wave even before 

his own immediate audience hears them。 Radio speaks in all tongues to all 

classes。 All   pervasive�察  �it   penetrates   beyond   national   frontiers�察  �spans   the 

walls of censorship that bar the way to the written word�察�and seeps through 



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the fine net of the Gestapo。 It reaches the illiterate and the informed�察�the 

young and the old�察�the civilian and the soldier in the front line�察�the policy 

makers and the inarticulate masses。 So great is the importance of radio to´ 

day that the seizure of a defeated nation's transmitters has become one of 

the primary spoils of war。; 

       In   Greece�察    �broadcasting       was    started    in   the   northern     city   of 

Thessaloniki   ��Salonica��   by   the   pioneer   of   Balkan   broadcasting   Christos 

Tsingeridis�察�in 1928。 A museum in that city tells the full story of the first 

broadcasting station in the whole of the Balkans。 

       Broadcasting in the capital�察�Athens�察�started on March 25th 1938 when 

a second´hand 15 kW Telefunken transmitter was put into operation in the 

suburb   of   Liosia。   The   centre´fed   T   antenna   was   supported   between   two 

pylons   of   85   metres   ��279   feet��。   In   1944   when   the   German   army   was 

pulling out of Athens they tried to blow the the pylons up but one of them 

remained standing at a crazy angle�察�because one of the explosive charges 

had been placed incorrectly。 

     2。 Avlis `The Voice of Hellas'。 

       The    5th   Programme       of   the  Greek     broadcasting      service   ��Elliniki 

Radiophonia��   is   transmitted   from   the   short   wave   transmitting   centre   at 

Avlis�察  �about    70   kilometres     north   of   Athens。    The   station   was   put   into 

service in 1972 and has two 100KW Marconi short wave transmitters and 

a veritable forest of antennas covering 1��100 acres�察�arranged in three lines 

to cover the desired directions�察�as can be seen on the great circle map。 The 

pylons supporting the 6 MHz arrays are truly impressive at 328 feet。 Each 

line   has   eight   separate   antennas   for   the   6�察  �7�察  �9�察  �11�察�15�察 �17   and   21   MHz 

broadcasting bands。 

       Each   antenna   consists   of   two   curtains   with   a   total   of   8   horizontal 

dipoles。     The   dipoles    are  all  fed   by   open    wire   feeders    which    can   be 

remotely switched to enable radiation in two directions 180 degrees apart。 

There are also three curtains for the 11 metre band ��26 MHz�� which may 

be put into service during sunspot cycle 22 if the M。U。F。 allows it。 

       For transmissions to neighbouring countries like Cyprus�察�Turkey�察�the 

Balkans and the countries of the Middle East�察�there are two rotatable log 

periodic antennas with a high angle of vertical radiation ��45 degrees�� and a 



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wide angle of 32 degrees in the horizontal plane。 

       The   remotely   controlled   switching   centre   allows   each   of   the   two 

transmitters      to    be   connected      to    any    one    of   the    23    antennas。 

Electromechanical protection circuits ensure that a transmitter can only be 

connected to an antenna that is tuned to the same frequency。 The change of 

antennas      and   transmitting     frequencies     is  made    during    the  ten´minute 

interval between programmes�察�which always begin on the hour�察�preceded 

by the now familiar signature tune of a shepherd playing his flute with the 

tinkling of sheep´bells in the background�察�recorded in 1936�察�followed by 

the Greek National Anthem。 

       The    special   programmes        of  news    and    features   originate    in   the 

broadcasting headquarters in Athens and go on the air throughout the 24 

hours of the day in Greek�察�English and many foreign languages。 Reports of 

reception are welcome and should be addressed to K。E。B。A。�察�Avlis�察�Greece。 

��The Greek initials stand for short wave transmitting centre。�� 

       But   Avlis   was    `in  the  news'    long   before   the  Greek     broadcasting 

service decided to install its short wave transmitters there。 In ancient times 

a great fleet of ships had been assembled in the harbour there�察�ready to set 

sail for Troy�察�following the abduction of the beautiful Helen of Sparta by 

Paris�察  �the   young   Prince   of   Troy。   But   there   had   been   no   wind   for   many 

weeks�察�and the sea was dead calm。 

       Agamemnon�察  �the   King   of   Mycenae�察  �who   had   himself   contributed 

over 100 ships to the fleet�察�decided to consult his Seer。 As was the custom�察�

the   Seer   slaughtered   a   young   lamb   and   scrutinised   its   entrails。   He   then 

announced   that   the   wind   would   come   up   if   Agamemnon   sacrificed   his 

daughter Iphigenia on the Altar of Sacrifice。 King Agamemnon despatched 

a messenger to Mycenae ��no VHF repeater being available in those days�� 

to   tell   his   wife   Queen   Klitemnestra   to   send   their   daughter   Iphigenia   to 

Avlis ��Aulis��。 The King said he was planning to marry her off to Achilles�察�

the most eligible bachelor of the day。 When poor Iphigenia arrived she was 

quickly placed on the Sacrificial Altar ´ and had her pretty throat slit。 

       However�察�there seems to be another version to the end of the story。 

Just before the human sacrifice was due to be made Artemis ��Diana�察�the 

famous Goddess of Hunting�� sent a small deer which was placed on the 



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