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need   much   reflection   to   see  that   the   whole   of   the   social   life   in   Flatland 

rests upon the fundamental fact that Nature wills all Figures to have their 

sides equal。 

     If our sides were unequal our angles might be unequal。 Instead of its 

being   sufficient   to   feel�察  �or   estimate   by   sight�察  �a   single   angle   in   order   to 

determine   the   form   of   an   individual�察  �it   would   be   necessary   to   ascertain 

each angle by the experiment of Feeling。 But life would be too short for 

such   a tedious   groping。 The   whole  science   and   art   of   Sight   Recognition 

would at once perish�察�Feeling�察�so far as it is an art�察�would not long survive�察�

intercourse would become perilous or impossible�察�there would be an end 

to   all   confidence�察  �all   forethought�察  �no   one   would   be   safe   in   making   the 

most simple social arrangements�察�in a word�察�civilization might relapse into 

barbarism。 

     Am   I   going   too   fast   to   carry   my   Readers   with   me   to   these   obvious 

conclusions�拭  �Surely   a   moment's   reflection�察  �and   a   single   instance   from 

common   life�察  �must   convince   every   one   that   our   social   system   is   based 

upon   Regularity�察  �or   Equality   of Angles。  You   meet�察  �for   example�察  �two   or 

three     Tradesmen       in   the   street�察  �whom      your    recognize      at  once    to   be 

Tradesman   by  a   glance   at   their   angles   and   rapidly  bedimmed   sides�察  �and 

you ask them to step into your house to lunch。 This you do at present with 

perfect   confidence�察  �because   everyone   knows   to   an   inch   or   two   the   area 



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occupied   by   an   adult   Triangle�此  �but   imagine   that   your   Tradesman   drags 

behind   his   regular   and   respectable   vertex�察  �a   parallelogram   of   twelve   or 

thirteen    inches   in   diagonal��what   are   you   to   do      with   such   a   monster 

sticking fast in your house door�拭�

     But   I   am   insulting   the   intelligence   of   my   Readers   by   accumulating 

details which must be patent to everyone who enjoys the advantages of a 

Residence   in   Spaceland。   Obviously   the   measurements   of   a   single   angle 

would no longer be sufficient under such portentous circumstances�察�one's 

whole life would be taken up in feeling or surveying the perimeter of one's 

acquaintances。 Already the difficulties of avoiding a collision in a crowd 

are enough to tax the sagacity of even a well´educated Square�察�but if no 

one could calculate the Regularity of a single figure in the company�察�all 

would be chaos and confusion�察�and the slightest panic would cause serious 

injuries�察  �orif   there   happened   to   be   any   Women   or   Soldiers   present 

perhaps considerable loss of life。 

     Expediency therefore concurs with Nature in stamping the seal of its 

approval       upon    Regularity      of   conformation�此      �nor   has    the   Law     been 

backward in seconding their efforts。 ;Irregularity of Figure; means with us 

the    same     as�察 �or   more    than�察   �a  combination       of   moral     obliquity    and 

criminality with you�察�and is treated accordingly。 There are not wanting�察�it 

is   true�察  �some   promulgators   of   paradoxes   who   maintain   that   there   is   no 

necessary   connection   between   geometrical   and   moral   Irregularity。   ;The 

Irregular�察─�they say�察 �is from his birth scouted by his own parents�察�derided 

by    his  brothers     and   sisters�察  �neglected     by  the   domestics�察    �scorned     and 

suspected by society�察�and excluded from all posts of responsibility�察�trust�察�

and useful activity。 His every movement is jealously watched by the police 

till he comes of age and presents himself for inspection�察�then he is either 

destroyed�察  �if   he   is   found   to   exceed   the   fixed   margin   of   deviation�察  �at   an 

uninteresting occupation for a miserable stipend�察�obliged to live and board 

at the office�察�and to take even his vacation under close supervision�察�what 

wonder that human nature�察�even in the best and purest�察�is embittered and 

perverted by such surroundings� ─�

     All this very plausible reasoning does not convince me�察�as it has not 



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                                               Flatland 



convinced the wisest of our Statesmen�察�that our ancestors erred in laying it 

down      as   an    axiom     of   policy    that   the   toleration     of   Irregularity    is 

incompatible with the safety of the State。 Doubtless�察�the life of an Irregular 

is hard�察�but the interests of the Greater Number require that it shall be hard。 

If a man with a triangular front and a polygonal back were allowed to exist 

and to propagate a still more Irregular posterity�察�what would become of the 

arts   of   life�拭  �Are   the   houses   and   doors   and   churches   in   Flatland   to   be 

altered in order to accommodate such monsters�拭�Are our ticket´collectors 

to be required to measure every man's perimeter before they allow him to 

enter a theatre�察�or to take his place in a lecture room�拭�Is an Irregular to be 

exempted   from   the   militia�拭�And   if   not�察  �how   is   he   to   be   prevented   from 

carrying desolation into the ranks of his comrades�拭�Again�察�what irresistible 

temptations   to   fraudulent   impostures   must   needs   beset   such   a   creature� �

How easy for him to enter a shop with his polygonal front foremost�察�and to 

order goods to any extent from a confiding tradesman� �Let the advocates 

of a falsely called Philanthropy plead as they may for the abrogation of the 

Irregular Penal   Laws�察  �I   for   my  part have   never   known   an   Irregular   who 

was   not   also   what   Nature   evidently   intended   him   to   bea   hypocrite�察  �a 

misanthropist�察  �and�察  �up   to   the   limits   of   his   power�察  �a   perpetrator   of   all 

manner of mischief。 

     Not that I should be disposed to recommend ��at present�� the extreme 

measures adopted by some States�察�where an infant whose angle deviates 

by   half   a   degree   from   the   correct   angularity   is   summarily   destroyed   at 

birth。 Some of our highest and ablest men�察�men of real genius�察�have during 

their earliest days   laboured under  deviations   as   great as�察 �or  even greater 

than   forty´five   minutes�此  �and   the   loss   of   their   precious   lives   would   have 

been an irreparable injury to the State。 The art of healing also has achieved 

some      of  its  most    glorious     triumphs     in  the   compressions�察      �extensions�察�

trepannings�察     �colligations�察    �and   other    surgical   or   diaetetic   operations     by 

which Irregularity has been partly or wholly cured。 Advocating therefore a 

VIA MEDIA�察�I would lay down no fixed or absolute line of demarcation�察�

but   at   the   period   when   the   frame   is   just   beginning   to   set�察  �and   when   the 

Medical Board has reported that recovery is improbably�察�I would suggest 



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that the Irregular offspring be painlessly and mercifully consumed。 



       SECTION 8                 Of the Ancient Practice of Painting 



       If my Readers have followed me with any attention up to this point�察�

they will not be surprised to hear that life is somewhat dull in Flatland。 I 

do   not�察  �of   course�察  �mean   that   there   are   not   battles�察  �conspiracies�察  �tumults�察�

factions�察  �and   all    those   other   phenomena   which         are  supposed      to  make 

History   interesting�察     �nor   would     I  deny   that   the  strange    mixture     of  the 

problems   of   life   and   the problems   of   Mathematics�察  �continually  inducing 

conjecture and giving an opportunity of immediate verification�察�imparts to 

our   existence   a   zest   which   you   in   Spaceland   can   hardly   comprehend。   I 

speak now from the aesthetic and artistic point of view when I say that life 

with us is dull�察�aesthetically and artistically�察�very dull indeed。 

     How can it be otherwise�察�when all one's prospect�察�all one's landscapes�察�

historical pieces�察�portraits�察�flowers�察�still life�察�are nothing but a single line�察�

with no varieties except degrees of brightness and obscurity�拭�

     It was not always thus。 Colour�察�if Tradition speaks the truth�察�once for 

the space of   half a dozen   centuries or more�察 �threw a transient splendour 

over     the   lives   of  our   ancestors     in   the   remotest    ages。    Some     private 

individuala Pentagon whose name is variously reported having casually 

discovered       the  constituents     of   the  simpler     colours    and   a  rudimentary 

method   of   painting�察  �is   said   to   have   begun   by  decorating   first   his   house�察�

then his slaves�察�then his Father�察�his Sons�察�and Grandsons�察�lastly himself。 

The     convenience       as   well    as  the   beauty     of   the   results   commended 

themselves   to   all。   Wherever   Chromatistes��for   by   that   name   the   most 

trustworthy authorities concur in calling him��turned his variegated frame�察�

there   he   at   once   excited   attention�察  �and   attracted   respect。   No   one   now 

needed      to  ;feel;   him�察  �no   one    mistook     his  front   for  his   back�察  �all  his 

movements         were    readily    ascertained      by   his   neighbours      without     the 

slightest strain on their powers of calculation�察�no one jostled him�察�or failed 

to make way for him�察�his voice was saved the labour of that exhausting 

utterance by which we colourless Squares and Pentagons are often forced 



           

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