the golden chersonese and the way thither-第68部分
按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！
prostitution； the unoffending population from the robberies and
murderous freaks of Rajahs and their bondsmen。*
＇*Some of these remarks apply specially to Selangor； in which State
slavery is now abolished。 I。 L。 B。＇
In Perak it is different； the debtor…bondage is one of the chief
customsone of the 〃pillars of the State〃an abuse jealously guarded
by the Perak Rajahs and Chiefs； and especially by those who make the
worst uses of it。
I have often discussed this question of debt…slavery with the Malays
themselves； but they say they see no way under the rule of their Rajahs
to put down this curse of their country； with all the evils that follow
in its train。 I have； etc。
（Signed） Frank A。 Swettenham； （Now Asst。 Colonial Secretary
at Singapore。）
The Honorable the Secretary for Native States； Singapore；
Straits Settlements。
APPENDIX C
No。 I
From H。B。M。's Resident； Perak； to Colonial Secretary； Straits
Settlements Residency； Kwala Kansa； December 14； 1878。
SirIn reference to your letter of the 28th June last； directing； by
command of His Excellency the Governor； my particular attention to the
plan adopted in Selangor for the extinction of the claims against
slave…debtors； by a valuation of their services to their creditors
according to a fixed scale； and directing me to consider to His
Excellency with a view to its being afterward submitted for the
consideration of the Council of State：
1。 I have the honor to state in reply that a copy of that letter and
its inclosure was supplied to the Assistant Resident of Perak； and its
contents communicated to the other magistrates； with instructions on
all occasions in which such cases should be brought before them； to
endeavor； with the consent of the creditors； to come to a settlement on
such a basis。
2。 The Toh Puan Halimah； daughter of the exiled Laxamana of Perak； and
chief wife of the banished Mentri of the State； had invested most of
her private money in advances of this description； which； up to the
time of British interference； was the favorite form of security； and
she is now the largest claimant in the country for the repayment of her
money。 Another； Wan Teh Sapiah； has also claims of a like nature on
several families； and both these ladies willingly undertook to accept
of liquidation by such an arrangement。
3。 In the former case it has； I am sorry to say； fallen through； from
the impossibility of inducing the debtors to work regularly； and from
very many of them； who are living in entire freedom in different parts
of the country； declining to come into the arrangement； though
acknowledging their debts。
4。 In many other cases the creditors from the first put forward the
certainty of the failure of such a system from the above…mentioned
cause； others have objected that they had no regular employment in
which to place their debtors； others； that they are utterly ruined by
the events of recent years； and that they would accede to the proposal
if fairly carried out on the other part； provided the Government would
advance money as the native Rajahs did to enable them to open mines or
gardens in which they could employ their debtors； nearly all have
declared themselves willing； and even anxious； to accept a just amount
in payment of their debts； several suggesting that the State might
conveniently undertake to do this； employing the labor in public works
until the debtor should be free。
5。 I cannot undertake to say what may have been the practice in former
times； as to the treatment； in Perak； of this class of persons； but no
case of cruelty or any great hardship has been brought to my notice
since I came into the country。 By far the larger number of the
slave…debtors live with their families apart and often at great
distances from their masters； enjoying all the fruits of their labor；
rendering occasional assistance to them when called upon to do so；
which； in the majority of cases； is of rare occurrence。
6。 The circumstances of Perak would probably be found to differ from
those of Selangor； which I understand has a much smaller population；
was governed by an enlightened ruler under the advice of British
Residents； who succeeded in introducing the present regulation
immediately after the conquest of the district。
7。 To introduce such a measure into Perak at the present time would； in
my opinion； have a very disturbing effect； and although I do not think
that it would lead to any extensive or organized armed resistance； I am
sure that it would so shake the confidence which has arisen between the
European officers and principal people that years would be required to
restore it。
8。 I confess that I am not able to devote all my sympathy to the weaker
class in this question。 I concur with the principal natives that the
introduction of a measure which formed no part of the original contract
would practically amount to a confiscation of their property； the value
of the labor of this class of persons being scarcely more than nominal；
and I adhere to the opinion that the just and politic course is； as has
been done； to prohibit any extension or renewal of the practice either
of slave indebtedness or slavery； to secure good treatment for the
servile classes under penalty of enforced manumission； to reduce claims
when they come before the magistrates to the minimum which justice to
the creditor will permit； to await the increased means of freeing
themselves which must develop for the poorer classes upon the extensive
introduction of European capital into agricultural industries； and；
finally； to purchase at a rate which； in consequence of the notorious
discouragement with which every case is treated by the European
officers and the courts； and the pressure of other influences； will； in
time； be much diminished from what would probably be considered a fair
equivalent。 I have； etc。；
（Signed） Hugh Low； Resident。
The Hon。 the Colonial Secretary； Straits Settlements；
Singapore。
No。 II
From H。B。M。's Resident； Perak； to the Honorable the Colonial Secretary
Teluk Anson； April 26； 1882。
SirI have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the
14th instant； calling upon me for information as to the progress made
toward the extinction of debt slavery in this State since 1879； for
transmission to Her Majesty's Secretary of State。
2。 In reply I have the honor to report that the policy explained in my
letters to your predecessor； dated 28th May and 14th December； 1878；
has been steadily pursued in Perak； all slave debtors who have appealed
to the protection of the courts having their cases adjudicated upon on
the most liberal terms consistent with justice to the creditors； and a
considerable number have availed themselves of the facilities presented
to them and bought up the claims upon them。
3。 Further and more intimate knowledge of the people has confirmed the
impression that whatever may have been the case in former times；
cruelty to slaves or slave debtors has been very rare since the
establishment of settled government； and in every instance in which
such has come to my knowledge or to that of the British officers；
manumission without compensation was carried out。
4。 Three such cases have occurred in the families of two very high
officers of State； and these； with one other case； are all the
instances of cruelty which have been reported to me。
5。 An attempt was made in 1879 to procure a census of the population
through the chiefs of the village communities。 Each of these chiefs
recorded the name of every householder in his district with the number
of persons； distinguishing their sex and condition。
6。 A total of 47；359 is thus arrived at for the free native Malay
population。 Of these 14；875 were males above； and 9；313 below； 16 years
of age。 The females numbered 14；761 and 8；410。
7。 The number of slaves was returned as 1；670； of whom 775 were males
and 895 females。 The slave debtors were respectively 728 and 652；
giving a total of 1；380； the two servile classes numbering； of both
sexes； 3；050。 I fear； however； that these numbers do not include all
the bond population； as His Highness the Regent and one or two others
with extensive claims did not give in returns。
8。 I regret to state that the attempt which； as reported in my letter
of the 14th December； was liberally made by the Toh Puan Halimah； chief
wife of the ex…Mentri of Perak； to facilitate the manumission of her
slaves and debtors by working off the just claims against them on fair
terms； was successful only to a very inconsiderable extent。 The Malays
of Perak are； as a rule； so adverse to and so unaccustomed to steady
labor； and can so easily provide for their wants； that they altogether
decline； except for short periods； to perform services of any nature
even for high wages。
9。 The opinion of those having claims upon the servile classes is now
pretty general in favor of manumission upon equitable terms； and
although a few old Conservative families in such districts as Kinta
would prefer to adhere to the former state of things； I have considered
that the time has arrived when a general measure having this end in
view may be taken into consideration in the hope of carrying it out
completely in the year 1883。
10。 His Excellency the Governor may have observed in the minutes of the
March Session of the Council of State that the subject of manumission
of slaves and debtors was brought to the notice of His Highness； the
Regent by the Resident； and that a meeting of the Council was appointed
for the 15th May； for the purpose of considering the terms on which
such a measure should be based； and the manner in which it should be
carried out。
11。 My own idea is that a commission； consisting of one or two native
chiefs and the principal European officer of each district； should be
appointed to inquire； under written instructions； into the
circumstances of each case； and award； subject to the approval of the
Government； such compensation as may seem fair to both parties； that
the money necessary to pay the amounts awarded shall be advanced by the
Government； that the sum adjudged to be paid for manumission shall
remain in whole or in part
