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ch　opinion　must　be　held　under　restraint。　　And　as　to　those　summary　arrests；　and　the　suspension　of　the　〃habeas　corpus；〃　is　there　not　something　to　be　said　for　the　States　government　on　that　head　also？　　Military　arrests　are　very　dreadful；　and　the　soul　of　a　nation's　liberty　is　that　personal　freedom　from　arbitrary　interference　which　is　signified　to　the　world　by　those　two　unintelligible　Latin　words。　　A　man's　body　shalt　not　be　kept　in　duress　at　any　man's　will；　but　shall　be　brought　up　into　open　court；　with　uttermost　speed；　in　order　that　the　law　may　say　whether　or　no　it　should　be　kept　in　duress。　　That　I　take　it　is　the　meaning　of　〃habeas　corpus；〃　and　it　is　easy　to　see　that　the　suspension　of　that　privilege　destroys　all　freedom；　and　places　the　liberty　of　every　individual　at　the　mercy　of　him　who　has　the　power　to　suspend　it。　　Nothing　can　be　worse　than　this：　and　such　suspension；　if　extended　over　any　long　period　of　years；　will　certainly　make　a　nation　weak；　mean　spirited；　and　poor。　　But　in　a　period　of　civil　war；　or　even　of　a　widely…extended　civil　commotion；　things　cannot　work　in　their　accustomed　grooves。　　A　lady　does　not　willingly　get　out　of　her　bedroom…window　with　nothing　on　but　her　nightgown；　but　when　her　house　is　on　fire　she　is　very　thankful　for　an　opportunity　of　doing　so。　　It　is　not　long　since　the　〃habeas　corpus〃　was　suspended　in　parts　of　Ireland；　and　absurd　arrests　were　made　almost　daily　when　that　suspension　first　took　effect。　　It　was　grievous　that　there　should　be　necessity　for　such　a　step；　and　it　is　very　grievous　now　that　such　necessity　should　be　felt　in　the　Northern　States。　　But　I　do　not　think　that　it　becomes　Englishmen　to　bear　hardly　upon　Americans　generally　for　what　has　been　done　in　that　matter。　　Mr。　Seward；　in　an　official　letter　to　the　British　Minister　at　Washingtonwhich　letter；　through　official　dishonesty；　found　its　way　to　the　pressclaimed　for　the　President　the　right　of　suspending　the　〃habeas　corpus〃　in　the　States　whenever　it　might　seem　good　to　him　to　do　so。　　If　this　be　in　accordance　with　the　law　of　the　land；　which　I　think　must　be　doubted；　the　law　of　the　land　is　not　favorable　to　freedom。　　For　myself；　I　conceive　that　Mr。　Lincoln　and　Mr。　Seward　have　been　wrong　in　their　law；　and　that　no　such　right　is　given　to　the　President　by　the　Constitution　of　the　United　States。　　This　I　will　attempt　to　prove　in　some　subsequent　chapter。　　But　I　think　it　must　be　felt　by　all　who　have　given　any　thought　to　the　Constitution　of　the　States；　that　let　what　may　be　the　letter　of　the　law；　the　Presidents　of　the　United　States　have　had　no　such　power。　　It　is　because　the　States　have　been　no　longer　united；　that　Mr。　Lincoln　has　had　the　power；　whether　it　be　given　to　him　by　the　law　or　no。　And　then　as　to　the　debt；　it　seems　to　me　very　singular　that　we　in　England　should　suppose　that　a　great　commercial　people　would　be　ruined　by　a　national　debt。　　As　regards　ourselves；　I　have　always　looked　on　our　national　debt　as　the　ballast　in　our　ship。　　We　have　a　great　deal　of　ballast；　but　then　the　ship　is　very　big。　　The　States　also　are　taking　in　ballast　at　a　rather　rapid　rate；　and　we　too　took　it　in　quickly　when　we　were　about　it。　　But　I　cannot　understand　why　their　ship　should　not　carry；　without　shipwreck；　that　which　our　ship　has　carried　without　damage；　and；　as　I　believe；　with　positive　advantage　to　its　sailing。　　The　ballast；　if　carried　honestly；　will　not；　I　think；　bring　the　vessel　to　grief。　　The　fear　is　lest　the　ballast　should　be　thrown　overboard。　So　much　I　have　said　wishing　to　plead　the　cause　of　the　Northern　States　before　the　bar　of　English　opinion；　and　thinking　that　there　is　ground　for　a　plea　in　their　favor。　　But　yet　I　cannot　say　that　their　bitterness　against　Englishmen　has　been　justified；　or　that　their　tone　toward　England　has　been　dignified。　　Their　complaint　is　that　they　have　received　no　sympathy　from　England；　but　it　seems　to　me　that　a　great　nation　should　not　require　an　expression　of　sympathy　during　its　struggle。　　Sympathy　is　for　the　weak　rather　than　for　the　strong。　　When　I　hear　two　powerful　men　contending　together　in　argument；　I　do　not　sympathize　with　him　who　has　the　best　of　it；　but　I　watch　the　precision　of　his　logic　and　acknowledge　the　effects　of　his　rhetoric。　　There　has　been　a　whining　weakness　in　the　complaints　made　by　Americans　against　England；　which　has　done　more　to　lower　them　as　a　people　in　my　judgment　than　any　other　part　of　their　conduct　during　the　present　crisis。　　When　we　were　at　war　with　Russia；　the　feeling　of　the　States　was　strongly　against　us。　　All　their　wishes　were　with　our　enemies。　　When　the　Indian　mutiny　was　at　its　worst；　the　feeling　of　France　was　equally　adverse　to　us。　　The　joy　expressed　by　the　French　newspapers　was　almost　ecstatic。　　But　I　do　not　think　that　on　either　occasion　we　bemoaned　ourselves　sadly　on　the　want　of　sympathy　shown　by　our　friends。　　On　each　occasion　we　took　the　opinion　expressed　for　what　it　was　worth；　and　managed　to　live　it　down。　　We　listened　to　what　was　said；　and　let　it　pass　by。　When　in　each　case　we　had　been　successful；　there　was　an　end　of　our　friends'　croakings。　But　in　the　Northern　States　of　America　the　bitterness　against　England　has　amounted　almost　to　a　passion。　　The　playersthose　chroniclers　of　the　timehave　had　no　hits　so　sure　as　those　which　have　been　aimed　at　Englishmen　as　cowards；　fools；　and　liars。　　No　paper　has　dared　to　say　that　England　has　been　true　in　her　American　policy。　　The　name　of　an　Englishman　has　been　made　a　by…word　for　reproach。　　In　private　intercourse　private　amenities　have　remained。　I；　at　any　rate；　may　boast　that　such　has　been　the　case　as　regards　myself。　　But；　even　in　private　life；　I　have　been　unable　to　keep　down　the　feeling　that　I　have　always　been　walking　over　smothered　ashes。　It　may　be　that；　when　the　civil　war　in　America　is　over；　all　this　will　pass　by；　and　there　will　be　nothing　left　of　international　bitterness　but　its　memory。　　It　is　sincerely　to　be　hoped　that　this　may　be　sothat　even　the　memory　of　the　existing　feeling　may　fade　away　and　become　unreal。　　I　for　one　cannot　think　that　two　nations　situated　as　are　the　States　and　England　should　permanently　quarrel　and　avoid　each　other。　　But　words　have　been　spoken　which　will；　I　fear；　long　sound　in　men's　ears；　and　thoughts　have　sprung　up　which　will　not　easily　allow　themselves　to　be　extinguished。

CHAPTER　XIV。　NEW　YORK。

Speaking　of　New　York　as　a　traveler；　I　have　two　faults　to　find　with　it。　　In　the　first　place；　there　is　nothing　to　see；　and；　in　the　second　place；　there　is　no　mode　of　getting　about　to　see　anything。　Nevertheless；　New　York　is　a　most　interesting　city。　　It　is　the　third　biggest　city　in　the　known　world；　for　those　Chinese　congregations　of　unwinged　ants　are　not　cities　in　the　known　world。　　In　no　other　city　is　there　a　population　so　mixed　and　cosmopolitan　in　their　modes　of　life。　　And　yet　in　no　other　city　that　I　have　seen　are　there　such　strong　and　ever　visible　characteristics　of　the　social　and　political　bearings　of　the　nation　to　which　it　belongs。　　New　York　appears　to　me　as　infinitely　more　American　than　Boston；　Chicago；　or　Washington。　It　has　no　peculiar　attribute　of　its　own；　as　have　those　three　citiesBoston　in　its　literature　and　accomplished　intelligence；　Chicago　in　its　internal　trade；　and　Washington　in　its　Congressional　and　State　politics。　　New　York　has　its　literary　aspirations；　its　commercial　grandeur；　and；　Heaven　knows；　it　has　its　politics　also。　But　these　do　not　strike　the　visitor　as　being　specially　characteristic　of　the　city。　　That　it　is　pre…eminently　American　is　its　glory　or　its　disgrace；　as　men　of　different　ways　of　thinking　may　decide　upon　it。　　Free　institutions；　general　education；　and　the　ascendency　of　dollars　are　the　words　written　on　every　paving…stone　along　Fifth　Avenue；　down　Broadway；　and　up　Wall　Street。　　Every　man　can　vote；　and　values　the　privilege。　　Every　man　can　read；　and　uses　the　privilege。　　Every　man　worships　the　dollar；　and　is　down　before　his　shrine　from　morning　to　night。　As　regards　voting　and　reading；　no　American　will　be　angry　with　me　for　saying　so　much　of　him；　and　no　Englishman；　whatever　may　be　his　ideas　as　to　the　franchise　in　his　own　country；　will　conceive　that　I　have　said　aught　to　the　dishonor　of　an　American。　　But　as　to　that　dollar…worshiping；　it　will　of　course　seem　that　I　am　abusing　the　New　Yorkers。　　We　all　know　what　a　wretchedly　wicked　thing　money　ishow　it　stands　between　us　and　heavenhow　it　hardens　our　hearts　and　makes　vulgar　our　thoughts！　　Dives　has　ever　gone　to　the　devil；　while　Lazarus　has　been　laid　up　in　heavenly　lavender。　　The　hand　that　employs　itself　in　compelling　gold　to　enter　the　service　of　man　has　always　been　stigmatized　as　the　ravisher　of　things　sacred。　　The　world　is　agreed　about　that；　and　therefore　the　New　Yorker　is　in　a　bad　way。　　There　are　very　few　citizens　in　any　town　known　to　me　which　under　this　dispensation　are　in　a　good　way；　but　the　New　Yorker　is　in　about　the　worst　way　of　all。　　Other　men；　the　world　over；　worship　regularly　at　the　shrine　with　matins　and　vespers；　nones　and　complines；　and　whatever　other　daily　services　may　be　known　to　the　religious　houses；　but　the　New　Yorker　is　always　on　his　knees。　That　is　the　amount　of　the　charge　which　I　bring　against　New　York；　and　now；　having　laid　on　my　paint　thickly；　I　shall　proceed；　like　an　unskillful　artist；　to　scrape　a　great　deal　of　it　off　again。　　New　York　has　been　a　leading　commercial　city　in　the　world　for　not　more　than　fifty　or　sixty　years。　　As　far　as　I　can　learn；　its　population　at　the　close　of　the　last　century　did　not　exceed　60；000；　and　ten　years　later　it　had　not　reached　100；000。　　In　1860　it　had　reached　nearly　800；000　in　the　City　of　New　York　itself。　　To　this　number　must　be　added　the　numbers　of　Brooklyn；　Williamsburg；　and　Jersey　City；　in　order　that　a　true　conception　may　be　had　of　the　population　of　this　American　metropolis；　seeing　that　those　places　are　as　much　a　part　of　New　York　as　Southwark　is　of　London。　　By　this　the　total　will　be　swelled　to　considerably　above　a　million。　　It　will　no　doubt　be　admitted　that　this　growth　has　been　very　fast；　and　that　New　York　may　well　be　proud　of　it。　　Increase　of　population　is；　I　take　it；　the　only　trustworthy　sign　of　a　nation's　success　or　of　a　city's　success。　We　boast　that　London　has　beaten　the　other　cities　of　the　world；　and　think　that　that　boast　is　enough　to　cover　all　the　social　sins　for　which　London　has　to　confess　her　guilt。　　New　York；　beginning　with　60；000　sixty　years　since；　has　now　a　million　soulsa　million　mouths