the malay archipelago-1-第55部分

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an　be　again　grown。　Good　rice　produces　thirty…fold；　and　coffee　trees　continue　bearing　abundantly　for　ten　or　fifteen　years；　without　any　manure　and　with　scarcely　any　cultivation。

I　was　delayed　a　day　by　incessant　rain；　and　then　proceeded　to　Panghu；　which　I　reached　just　before　the　daily　rain　began　at　11　A。M。　After　leaving　the　summit　level　of　the　lake　basin；　the　road　is　carried　along　the　slope　of　a　fine　forest　ravine。　The　descent　is　a　long　one；　so　that　I　estimated　the　village　to　be　not　more　than　1；500　feet　above　the　sea；　yet　I　found　the　morning　temperature　often　69°；　the　same　as　at　Tondano　at　least　600　or　700　feet　higher。　I　was　pleased　with　the　appearance　of　the　place；　which　had　a　good　deal　of　forest　and　wild　country　around　it；　and　found　prepared　for　me　a　little　house　consisting　only　of　a　verandah　and　a　back　room。　This　was　only　intended　for　visitors　to　rest　in；　or　to　pass　a　night；　but　it　suited　me　very　well。　I　was　so　unfortunate；　however；　as　to　lose　both　my　hunters　just　at　this　time。　One　had　been　left　at　Tondano　with　fever　and　diarrhoea；　and　the　other　was　attacked　at　Langówan　with　inflammation　of　the　chest；　and　as　his　case　looked　rather　bad　I　had　him　sent　back　to　Menado。　The　people　here　were　all　so　busy　with　their　rice…harvest；　which　was　important　for　them　to　finish　owing　to　the　early　rains；　that　I　could　get　no　one　to　shoot　for　me。

During　the　three　weeks　that　I　stayed　at　Panghu　it　rained　nearly　everyday；　either　in　the　afternoon　only；　or　all　day　long；　but　there　were　generally　a　few　hours'　sunshine　in　the　morning；　and　I　took　advantage　of　these　to　explore　the　roads　and　paths；　the　rocks　and　ravines；　in　search　of　insects。　These　were　not　very　abundant；　yet　I　saw　enough　to　convince　me　that　the　locality　was　a　good　one；　had　I　been　there　at　the　beginning　instead　of　at　the　end　of　the　dry　season。　The　natives　brought　me　daily　a　few　insects　obtained　at　the　Sagueir　palms；　including　some　fine　Cetonias　and　stag…　beetles。　Two　little　boys　were　very　expert　with　the　blowpipe；　and

brought　me　a　good　many　small　birds；　which　they　shot　with　pellets　of　clay。　Among　these　was　a　pretty　little　flower…pecker　of　a　new　species　（Prionochilus　aureolimbatus）；　and　several　of　the　loveliest　honeysuckers　I　had　yet　seen。　My　general　collection　of　birds　was；　however；　almost　at　a　standstill；　for　though　I　at　length　obtained　a　man　to　shoot　for　me；　he　was　not　good　for　much；　and　seldom　brought　me　more　than　one　bird　a　day。　The　best　thing　he　shot　was　the　large　and　rare　fruit…pigeon　peculiar　to　Northern　Celebes　（Carpophaga　forsteni）；　which　I　had　long　been　seeking。

I　was　myself　very　successful　in　one　beautiful　group　of　insects；　the　tiger…beetles；　which　seem　more　abundant　and　varied　here　than　anywhere　else　in　the　Archipelago。　I　first　met　with　them　on　a　cutting　in　the　road；　where　a　hard　clayey　bank　was　partially　overgrown　with　mosses　and　small　ferns。　Here；　I　found　running　about；　a　small　olive…green　species　which　never　took　flight；　and　more　rarely；　a　fine　purplish　black　wingless　insect；　which　was　always　found　motionless　in　crevices；　and　was　therefore；　probably　nocturnal。　It　appeared　to　me　to　form　a　new　genus。　About　the　roads　in　the　forest；　I　found　the　large　and　handsome　Cicindela　heros；　which　I　had　before　obtained　sparingly　at　Macassar；　but　it　was　in　the　mountain　torrent　of　the　ravine　itself　that　I　got　my　finest　things。　0n　dead　trunks　overhanging　the　water　and　on　the　banks　and　foliage；　I　obtained　three　very　pretty　species　of　Cicindela；　quite　distinct　in　size；　form；　and　colour；　but　having　an　almost　identical　pattern　of　pale　spots。　I　also　found　a　single　specimen　of　a　most　curious　species　with　very　long　antennae。　But　my　finest　discovery　here　was　the　Cicindela　gloriosa；　which　I　found　on　mossy　stones　just　rising　above　the　water。　After　obtaining　my　first　specimen　of　this　elegant　insect；　I　used　to　walk　up　the　stream；　watching　carefully　every　moss…covered　rock　and　stone。　It　was　rather　shy；　and　would　often　lead　me　on　a　long　chase　from　stone　to　stone；　becoming　invisible　every　time　it　settled　on　the　damp　moss；　owing　to　its　rich　velvety　green　colour。　On　some　days　I　could　only　catch　a　few　glimpses　of　it；　on　others　I　got　a　single　specimen；　and　on　a　few　occasions　two；　but　never　without　a　more　or　less　active　pursuit。　This　and　several　other　species　I　never　saw　but　in　this　one　ravine。

Among　the　people　here　I　saw　specimens　of　several　types；　which；　with　the　peculiarities　of　the　languages；　gives　me　some　notion　of　their　probable　origin。　A　striking　illustration　of　the　low　state　of　civilization　of　these　people；　until　quite　recently；　is　to　be　found　in　the　great　diversity　of　their　languages。　Villages　three　or　four　miles　apart　have　separate　dialects；　and　each　group　of　three　or　four　such　villages　has　a　distinct　language　quite　unintelligible　to　all　the　rest；　so　that；　until　the　recent　introduction　of　Malay　by　the　Missionaries；　there　must　have　been　a　bar　to　all　free　communication。　These　languages　offer　many　peculiarities。　They　contain　a　Celebes…Malay　element　and　a　Papuan　element；　along　with　some　radical　peculiarities　found　also　in　the　languages　of　the　Siau　and　Sanguir　islands　further　north；　and　therefore；　probably　derived　from　the　Philippine　Islands。　Physical　characteristics　correspond。　There　are　some　of　the　less　civilized　tribes　which　have　semi…Papuan　features　and　hair；　while　in　some　villages　the　true　Celebes　or　Bugis　physiognomy　prevails。　The　plateau　of　Tondano　is　chiefly　inhabited　by　people　nearly　as　white　as　the　Chinese；　and　with　very　pleasing　semi…European　features。　The　people　of　Siau　and　Sanguir　much　resemble　these；　and　I　believe　them　to　be　perhaps　immigrants　from　some　of　the　islands　of　North　Polynesia。　The　Papuan　type　will　represent　the　remnant　of　the　aborigines；　while　those　of　the　Bugis　character　show　the　extension　northward　of　the　superior　Malay　races。

As　I　was　wasting　valuable　time　at　Panghu；　owing　to　the　bad　weather　and　the　illness　of　my　hunters；　I　returned　to　Menado　after　a　stay　of　three　weeks。　Here　I　had　a　little　touch　of　fever；　and　what　with　drying　and　packing　all　of　my　collections　and　getting　fresh　servants；　it　was　a　fortnight　before　I　was　again　ready　to　start。　I　now　went　eastward　over　an　undulating　country　skirting　the　great　volcano　of　Klabat；　to　a　village　called　Lempias；　situated　close　to　the　extensive　forest　that　covers　the　lower　slopes　of　that　mountain。　My　baggage　was　carried　from　village　to　village　by　relays　of　men；　and　as　each　change　involved　some　delay；　I　did　not　reach　my　destination　（a　distance　of　eighteen　miles）　until　sunset。　I　was　wet　through；　and　had　to　wait　for　an　hour　in　an　uncomfortable　state　until　the　first　installment　of　my　baggage　arrived；　which　luckily　contained　my　clothes；　while　the　rest　did　not　come　in　until　midnight。

This　being　the　district　inhabited　by　that　singular　annual　the　Babirusa　（Hog…deer）；　I　inquired　about　skulls　and　soon　obtained　several　in　tolerable　condition；　as　well　as　a　fine　one　of　the　rare　and　curious　〃Sapiutan〃　（Anoa　depressicornis。　Of　this　animal　I　had　seen　two　living　specimens　at　Menado；　and　was　surprised　at　their　great　resemblance　to　small　cattle；　or　still　more　to　the　Eland　of　South　Africa。　Their　Malay　name　signifies　〃forest　ox；〃　and　they　differ　from　very　small　highbred　oxen　principally　by　the　low…　hanging　dewlap；　and　straight；　pointed　horns　which　slope　back　over　the　neck。　I　did　not　find　the　forest　here　so　rich　in　insects　as　I　had　expected；　and　my　hunters　got　me　very　few　birds；　but　what　they　did　obtain　were　very　interesting。　Among　these　were　the　rare　forest　Kingfisher　（Cittura　cyanotis）；　a　small　new　species　of　Megapodius；　and　one　specimen　of　the　large　and　interesting　Maleo　（Megacephalon　rubripes）；　to　obtain　which　was　one　of　my　chief　reasons　for　visiting　this　district。　Getting　no　more；　however；　after　ten　days'　search；　I　removed　to　Licoupang；　at　the　extremity　of　the　peninsula；　a　place　celebrated　for　these　birds；　as　well　as　for　the　Babirusa　and　Sapiutan。　I　found　here　Mr。　Goldmann；　the　eldest　son　of　the　Governor　of　the　Moluccas；　who　was　superintending　the　establishment　of　some　Government　salt…works。　This　was　a　better　locality；　and　I　obtained　some　fine　butterflies　and　very　good　birds；　among　which　was　one　more　specimen　of　the　rare　ground　dove　（Phlegaenas　tristigmata）；　which　I　had　first　obtained　near　the　Maros　waterfall　in　South　Celebes。

Hearing　what　I　was　particularly　in　search　of；　Mr。　Goldmann　kindly　offered　to　make　a　hunting…party　to　the　place　where　the　〃Maleos〃　are　most　abundant；　a　remote　and　uninhabited　sea…beach　about　twenty　miles　distant。　The　climate　here　was　quite　different　from　that　on　the　mountains；　not　a　drop　of　rain　having　fallen　for　four　months；　so　I　made　arrangements　to　stay　on　the　beach　a　week；　in　order　to　secure　a　good　number　of　specimens。　We　went　partly　by　boat　and　partly　through　the　forest；　accompanied　by　the　Major　or　head…man　of　Licoupang；　with　a　dozen　natives　and　about　twenty　dogs。　On　the　way　they　caught　a　young　Sapi…utan　and　five　wild　pigs。　Of　the　former　I　preserved　the　head。　This　animal　is　entirely　confined　to　the　remote　mountain　forests　of　Celebes　and　one　or　two　adjacent　islands　which　form　part　of　the　same　group。　In　the　adults　the　head　is　black；　with　a　white　mark　over　each　eye；　one　on　each　cheek　and　another　on　the　throat。　The　horns　are　very　smooth　and　sharp　when　young；　but　become　thicker　and　ridged　at　the　bottom　with　age。　Most　naturalists　consider　this　curious　animal　to　be　a　small　ox；　but　from　the　character　of　the　horns；　the　fine　coat　of　hair　and　the　descending　dewlap；　it　seemed　closely　to　approach　the　antelopes。

Arrived　at　our　destination；　we　built　a　but　and　prepared　for　a　stay　of　some　daysI　to　shoot　and　skin　〃Maleos〃；　and　Mr。　Goldmann　and　the　Major　to　hunt　wild　pigs；　Babirusa；　and　Sapi…utan。　The　place　is　situated　in　the　large　bay　between　the　islands　of　Limbe　and　Banca；　and　consists　of　steep　beach　more　than　a　mile　in　length；　of　deep　loose　and　coarse　black　volcanic　sand　（or　rather　gravel）；　very　fatiguing　to　walk　over。　It　is　bounded　at　each　extremity　by　a　small　river　with　hilly　ground　beyond；　while　the　forest　behind　the　beach　itself　is　tolerably　level　and　its　growth　stunted。　We　probably　have　here　an　ancient　lava　stream　from　the　Klabat　volcano；　which　has　flowed　down　a　valley　into　the　sea；　and　the　decomposition　of　which　has　formed　the　loose　black　sand。　In　confirmation　of　this　view；　it　may　be　mentioned　that　the　beaches　beyond　the　small　riv