八喜电子书 > 经管其他电子书 > parmenides >

第6部分

parmenides-第6部分

小说: parmenides 字数: 每页4000字

按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页,按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页,按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部!
————未阅读完?加入书签已便下次继续阅读!





  No。



  Then the one; as appears; will have beginning; middle; and end。



  It will。



  But; again; the middle will be equidistant from the extremes; or



it would not be in the middle?



  Yes。



  Then the one will partake of figure; either rectilinear or round; or



a union of the two?



  True。



  And if this is the case; it will be both in itself and in another



too。



  How?



  Every part is in the whole; and none is outside the whole。



  True。



  And all the parts are contained by the whole?



  Yes。



  And the one is all its parts; and neither more nor less than all?



  No。



  And the one is the whole?



  Of course。



  But if all the parts are in the whole; and the one is all of them



and the whole; and they are all contained by the whole; the one will



be contained by the one; and thus the one will be in itself。



  That is true。



  But then; again; the whole is not in the parts…neither in all the



parts; nor in some one of them。 For if it is in all; it must be in



one; for if there were any one in which it was not; it could not be in



all the parts; for the part in which it is wanting is one of all;



and if the whole is not in this; how can it be in them all?



  It cannot。



  Nor can the whole be in some of the parts; for if the whole were



in some of the parts; the greater would be in the less; which is



impossible。



  Yes; impossible。



  But if the whole is neither in one; nor in more than one; nor in all



of the parts; it must be in something else; or cease to be anywhere at



all?



  Certainly。



  If it were nowhere; it would be nothing; but being a whole; and



not being in itself; it must be in another。



  Very true。



  The one then; regarded as a whole; is in another; but regarded as



being all its parts; is in itself; and therefore the one must be



itself in itself and also in another。



  Certainly。



  The one then; being of this nature; is of necessity both at rest and



in motion?



  How?



  The one is at rest since it is in itself; for being in one; and



not passing out of this; it is in the same; which is itself。



  True。



  And that which is ever in the same; must be ever at rest?



  Certainly。



  Well; and must not that; on the contrary; which is ever in other;



never be in the same; and if never in the same; never at rest; and



if not at rest; in motion?



  True。



  Then the one being always itself in itself and other; must always be



both at rest and in motion?



  Clearly。



  And must be the same with itself; and other than itself; and also



the same with the others; and other than the others; this follows from



its previous affections。



  How so?



  Every thing in relation to every other thing; is either the same



or other; or if neither the same nor other; then in the relation of



a part to a whole; or of a whole to a part。



  Clearly。



  And is the one a part of itself?



  Certainly not。



  Since it is not a part in relation to itself it cannot be related to



itself as whole to part?



  It cannot。



  But is the one other than one?



  No。



  And therefore not other than itself?



  Certainly not。



  If then it be neither other; nor a whole; nor a part in relation



to itself; must it not be the same with itself?



  Certainly。



  But then; again; a thing which is in another place from 〃itself;〃 if



this 〃itself〃 remains in the same place with itself; must be other



than 〃itself;〃 for it will be in another place?



  True。



  Then the one has been shown to be at once in itself and in another?



  Yes。



  Thus; then; as appears; the one will be other than itself?



  True。



  Well; then; if anything be other than anything; will it not be other



than that which is other?



  Certainly。



  And will not all things that are not one; be other than the one; and



the one other than the not…one?



  Of course。



  Then the one will be other than the others?



  True。



  But; consider:…Are not the absolute same; and the absolute other;



opposites to one another?



  Of course。



  Then will the same ever be in the other; or the other in the same?



  They will not。



  If then the other is never in the same; there is nothing in which



the other is during any space of time; for during that space of



time; however small; the other would be in the game。 Is not that true?



  Yes。



 And since the other…is never in the same; it can never be in anything



that is。



  True。



  Then the other will never be either in the not one; or in the one?



  Certainly not。



  Then not by reason of otherness is the one other than the not…one;



or the not…one other than the one。



  No。



  Nor by reason of themselves will they be other than one another;



if not partaking of the other。



  How can they be?



  But if they are not other; either by reason of themselves or of



the other; will they not altogether escape being other than one



another?



  They will。



  Again; the not…one cannot partake of the one; otherwise it would not



have been not…one; but would have been in some way one。



  True。



  Nor can the not…one be number; for having number; it would not



have been not…one at all。



  It would not。



  Again; is the not…one part of the one; or rather; would it not in



that case partake of the one?



  It would。



  If then; in every point of view; the one and the not…one are



distinct; then neither is the one part or whole of the not…one; nor is



the not…one part or whole of the one?



  No。



  But we said that things which are neither parts nor wholes of one



another; nor other than one another; will be the same with one



another: …so we said?



  Yes。



  Then shall we say that the one; being in this relation to the



not…one; is the same with it?



  Let us say so。



  Then it is the same with itself and the others; and also other



than itself and the others。



  That appears to be the inference。 And it will also be like and



unlike itself and the others?



  Perhaps。



  Since the one was shown to be other than the others; the others will



also be other than the one。



  Yes。



  And the one is other than the others in the same degree that the



others are other than it; and neither more nor less?



  True。



  And if neither more nor less; then in a like degree?



  Yes。



  In virtue of the affection by which the one is other than others and



others in like manner other than it; the one will be affected like the



others and the others like the one。



  How do you mean?



  I may take as an illustration the case of names: You give a name



to a thing?



  Yes。



  And you may say the name once or oftener?



  Yes。



  And when you say it once; you mention that of which it is the



name? and when more than once; is it something else which you mention?



or must it always be the same thing of which you speak; whether you



utter the name once or more than once?



  Of course it is the same。



  And is not 〃other〃 a name given to a thing?



  Certainly。



  Whenever; then; you use the word 〃other;〃 whether once or oftener;



you name that of which it is the name; and to no other do you give the



name?



  True。



  Then when we say that the others are other than the one; and the one



other than the others; in repeating the word 〃other〃 we speak of



that nature to which the name is applied; and of no other?



  Quite true。



  Then the one which is other than others; and the other which is



other than the one; in that the word 〃other〃 is applied to both;



will be in the same condition; and that which is in the same condition



is like?



  Yes。



  Then in virtue of the affection by which the one is other than the



others; every thing will be like every thing; for every thing is other



than every thing。



  True。



  Again; the like is opposed to the unlike?



  Yes。



  And the other to the same?



  True again。



  And the one was also shown to be the same with the others?



  Yes。



  And to be; the same with the others is the opposite of being other



than the others?



  Certainly。



  And in that it was other it was shown to be like?



  Yes。



  But in that it was the same it will be unlike by virtue of the



opposite affection to that which made it and this was the affection of



otherness。



  Yes。



  The same then will make it unlike; otherwise it will not be the



opposite of the other。



  True。



  Then the one will be both like and unlike the others; like in so far



as it is other; and unlike in so far as it is the same。



  Yes; that argument may be used。



  And there is another argument。



  What?



  In so far as it is affected in the same way it is not affected



otherwise; and not being affected otherwise is not unlike; and not



being unlike; is like; but in so far as it is affected by other it



is otherwise; and being otherwise affected is unlike。



  True。



  Then because the one is the same with the others and other than



the others; on either of these two grounds; or on both of them; it



will be both like and unlike the others?



  Certainly。



  And in the same way as being other than itself; and the same with



itself on either of these two grounds and on both of them; it will



be like and unlike itself。



  Of course。



  Again; how far can the one touch or not touch itself and



others?…Consider。



  I am considering。



  The one was shown to be in itself which was a whole?



  True。



  And also in other things?



  Yes。



  In so far as it is in other things it would touch other things;



but in so far as it is in itself it would be debarred from touching



them; and would touch itself only。



  Clearly。




返回目录 上一页 下一页 回到顶部 1 0

你可能喜欢的