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that you would really do such a thing�察�but there is nothing�察�you think�察�to 

prevent a man who is ignorant of the best�察�having occasionally the whim 

that what is worst is best�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�No。�� 

     SOCRATES��If�察       �then�察 �you  went   indoors�察  �and   seeing  him�察  �did  not 

know him�察�but thought that he was some one else�察�would you venture to 

slay him�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�Most decidedly not ��it seems to me��。 ��These words are 

omitted in several MSS。�� 

     SOCRATES�此�For   you   designed   to   kill�察 �not   the   first   who   offered�察 �but 

Pericles himself�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�Certainly。 

     SOCRATES�此�And if you made many attempts�察�and each time failed to 

recognize Pericles�察�you would never attack him�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�Never。 

     SOCRATES�此�Well�察  �but   if   Orestes   in   like   manner   had   not   known   his 

mother�察�do you think that he would ever have laid hands upon her�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�No。 

     SOCRATES�此�He did not intend to slay the first woman he came across�察�

nor any one else's mother�察�but only his own�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�True。 

     SOCRATES�此  �Ignorance�察  �then�察  �is   better   for   those   who   are   in   such   a 

frame of mind�察�and have such ideas�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�Obviously。 

     SOCRATES�此�You acknowledge that for some persons in certain cases 

the ignorance of some things is a good and not an evil�察�as you formerly 

supposed�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�I do。 

     SOCRATES�此�And   there   is   still   another   case   which   will   also   perhaps 

appear    strange   to  you�察 �if  you  will  consider    it�拭 。�The  reading   is  here 



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uncertain。�� 

    ALCIBIADES�此�What is that�察�Socrates�拭�

     SOCRATES�此�It may be�察�in short�察�that the possession of all the sciences�察�

if unaccompanied by the knowledge of the best�察�will more often than not 

injure   the   possessor。   Consider   the   matter   thus��Must   we   not�察  �when   we 

intend   either   to   do   or   say   anything�察  �suppose   that   we   know   or   ought   to 

know that which we propose so confidently to do or say�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�Yes�察�in my opinion。 

     SOCRATES�此�We may take the orators for an example�察�who from time 

to time   advise us   about   war   and peace�察 �or   the building of   walls   and  the 

construction of harbours�察�whether they understand the business in hand�察�or 

only think that they do。 Whatever the city�察�in a word�察�does to another city�察�

or in the management of her own affairs�察�all happens by the counsel of the 

orators。 

    ALCIBIADES�此�True。 

     SOCRATES�此�But now see what follows�察�if I can ��make it clear to you��。 

��Some words appear to have dropped out here。�� You would distinguish the 

wise from the foolish�拭�ALCIBIADES�此�Yes。 

     SOCRATES�此�The many are foolish�察�the few wise�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�Certainly。 

     SOCRATES�此       �And    you  use   both  the  terms�察  �'wise'  and   'foolish��'  in 

reference to something�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�I do。 

     SOCRATES�此�Would you call a person wise who can give advice�察�but 

does not know whether or when it is better to carry out the advice�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�Decidedly not。 

     SOCRATES�此�Nor again�察�I suppose�察�a person who knows the art of war�察�

but does not know whether it is better to go to war or for how long�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�No。 

     SOCRATES�此�Nor�察�once more�察�a person who knows how to kill another 

or to take away his property or to drive him from his native land�察�but not 

when it is better to do so or for whom it is better�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�Certainly not。 

     SOCRATES�此�But he who understands anything of the kind and has at 



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the same   time   the   knowledge   of   the   best   course of   action��and   the   best 

and the useful are surely the same�拭�

     ALCIBIADES�此�Yes。 

     SOCRATES��Such   an   one�察  �I   say�察  �we   should   call   wise   and   a   useful 

adviser both of himself and of the city。 What do you think�拭�

     ALCIBIADES�此�I agree。 

     SOCRATES�此�And if any one knows how to ride or to shoot with the 

bow or to box or to wrestle�察�or to engage in any other sort of contest or to 

do anything whatever which is in the nature of an art��what do you call 

him who knows what is best according to that art�拭�Do you not speak of 

one who knows what is best in riding as a good rider�拭�

     ALCIBIADES�此�Yes。 

     SOCRATES�此�And   in   a   similar   way   you   speak   of   a   good   boxer   or   a 

good flute´ player or a good performer in any other art�拭�

     ALCIBIADES�此�True。 

     SOCRATES�此�But is it necessary that the man who is clever in any of 

these arts should be wise also in general�拭�Or is there a difference between 

the clever artist and the wise man�拭�

     ALCIBIADES�此�All the difference in the world。 

     SOCRATES�此  �And   what   sort   of   a   state   do   you   think   that   would   be 

which was   composed   of   good   archers   and   flute´players   and   athletes   and 

masters   in   other   arts�察  �and   besides   them   of   those   others   about   whom   we 

spoke�察�who knew how to go to war and how to kill�察�as well as of orators 

puffed up with political pride�察�but in which not one of them all had this 

knowledge of the best�察�and there was no one who could tell when it was 

better to apply any of these arts or in regard to whom�拭�

     ALCIBIADES�此�I should call such a state bad�察�Socrates。 

     SOCRATES�此         �You    certainly   would    when     you   saw    each   of   them 

rivalling   the   other   and   esteeming   that   of   the   greatest   importance   in   the 

state�察�'Wherein he himself most excelled。' ��Euripides�察�Antiope。�� 

     I mean that which was best in any art�察�while he was entirely ignorant 

of what was best for himself and for the state�察�because�察�as I think�察�he trusts 

to opinion which is devoid of intelligence。 In such a case should we not be 

right if we said that the state would be full of anarchy and lawlessness�拭�



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    ALCIBIADES�此�Decidedly。 

    SOCRATES�此�But ought we not then�察�think you�察�either to fancy that we 

know or really to know�察�what we confidently propose to do or say�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�Yes。 

    SOCRATES�此�And if a person does that which he knows or supposes 

that he knows�察�and the result is beneficial�察�he will act advantageously both 

for himself and for the state�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�True。 

    SOCRATES�此  �And   if   he   do   the   contrary�察  �both   he   and   the   state   will 

suffer�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�Yes。 

    SOCRATES�此�Well�察�and are you of the same mind�察�as before�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�I am。 

    SOCRATES�此�But were you not saying that you would call the many 

unwise and the few wise�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�I was。 

    SOCRATES�此�And have we not come back to our old assertion that the 

many fail to obtain the best because they trust to opinion which is devoid 

of intelligence�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�That is the case。 

    SOCRATES�此�It is good�察�then�察�for the many�察�if they particularly desire 

to do that which they know or suppose that they know�察�neither to know nor 

to suppose that they know�察�in cases where if they carry out their ideas in 

action they will be losers rather than gainers�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�What you say is very true。 

    SOCRATES�此�Do you not see that I was really speaking the truth when 

I affirmed that the possession of any other kind of knowledge was more 

likely   to  injure  than  to  benefit  the  possessor�察  �unless   he  had  also  the 

knowledge of the best�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�I do now�察�if I did not before�察�Socrates。 

    SOCRATES�此�The state or the soul�察�therefore�察�which wishes to have a 

right existence must   hold firmly to   this knowledge�察�just   as the sick  man 

clings to the physician�察�or the passenger depends for safety on the pilot。 

And if the soul does not set sail until she have obtained this she will be all 



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the   safer   in   the   voyage   through   life。   But   when   she   rushes   in   pursuit   of 

wealth or  bodily strength or   anything else�察 �not having the  knowledge  of 

the best�察�so much the more is she likely to meet with misfortune。 And he 

who     has   the   love   of  learning    ��Or�察  �reading    polumatheian�察     �'abundant 

learning。'���察�and is skilful in many arts�察�and does not possess the knowledge 

of the best�察�but is under some other guidance�察�will make�察�as he deserves�察�a 

sorry voyage�此�he will�察�I believe�察�hurry through the brief space of human 

life�察�pilotless in mid´ocean�察�and the words will apply to him in which the 

poet blamed his enemy�此�

     '。。。Full many a thing he knew�察�But knew them all badly。' ��A fragment 

from the pseudo´Homeric poem�察�'Margites。'�� 

     ALCIBIADES�此�How in the world�察�Socrates�察�do the words of the poet 

apply to him�拭�They seem to me to have no bearing on the point whatever。 

     SOCRATES�此  �Quite   the   contrary�察  �my   sweet   friend�此  �only   the   poet   is 

talking in riddles after the fashion of his tribe。 For all poetry has by nature 

an    enigmatical    character�察   �and   it  is  by  no  means    everybody      who    can 

interpret it。 And if�察�moreover�察�the spirit of poetry happen to seize on a man 

who is of a begrudging temper and does not care to manifest his wisdom 

but keeps it to himself as far as he can�察�it does indeed require an almost 

superhuman wisdom to discover what the poet would be at。 You surely do 

not suppose that Homer�察�the wisest and most divine of poets�察�was unaware 

of the impossibility of knowing a thing badly�此�for it was no less a person 

than he who said of Margites that '

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