the unknown guest(İÉú¿Í)-µÚ30²¿·Ö
°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
nerve¡centres¡¡of¡¡the¡¡cricket£»¡¡the¡¡lancet¡¡of¡¡the¡¡cerceris£»¡¡who¡¡paralyses¡¡her¡¡
victims¡¡without¡¡killing¡¡them¡¡and¡¡preserves¡¡them¡¡for¡¡an¡¡indefinite¡¡period¡¡as¡¡
fresh¡¡meat£»¡¡nor¡¡a¡¡thousand¡¡other¡¡features¡¡which¡¡it¡¡would¡¡be¡¡impossible¡¡to¡¡
enumerate¡¡¡¡¡¡without¡¡¡¡¡¡recapitulating¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡whole¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Henri¡¡¡¡¡¡Fabre's¡¡¡¡¡¡work¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡
completely¡¡¡¡¡¡altering¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡proportions¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡present¡¡¡¡¡¡essay¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡¡¡¡¡here¡¡¡¡¡¡such¡¡
silence¡¡and¡¡such¡¡darkness¡¡reign¡¡that¡¡we¡¡have¡¡nothing¡¡to¡¡hope¡¡for¡£¡¡There¡¡
exists£»¡¡so¡¡to¡¡speak£»¡¡no¡¡bench¡mark£»¡¡no¡¡means¡¡of¡¡communication¡¡between¡¡
the¡¡¡¡¡¡world¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡insects¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡our¡¡¡¡¡¡own£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡perhaps¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡less¡¡¡¡¡¡far¡¡¡¡from¡¡
grasping¡¡and¡¡fathoming¡¡what¡¡takes¡¡place¡¡in¡¡Saturn¡¡or¡¡Jupiter¡¡than¡¡what¡¡is¡¡
enacted¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡ant¡hill¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡hive¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡We¡¡¡¡¡¡know¡¡¡¡¡¡absolutely¡¡¡¡¡¡nothing¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
quality£»¡¡the¡¡number£»¡¡the¡¡extent¡¡or¡¡even¡¡the¡¡nature¡¡of¡¡their¡¡senses¡£¡¡Many¡¡of¡¡
the¡¡great¡¡laws¡¡on¡¡which¡¡our¡¡life¡¡is¡¡based¡¡do¡¡not¡¡exist¡¡for¡¡them£º¡¡those£»¡¡for¡¡
instance£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡govern¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡fluids¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡completely¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡reversed¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡They¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡seem¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡
inhabit¡¡¡¡¡¡our¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡planet£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡reality¡¡¡¡¡¡move¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡entirely¡¡¡¡¡¡different¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡world¡£¡¡
Understanding¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡nothing¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡intelligence¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡pierced¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡disconcerting¡¡
gaps£»¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡blindest¡¡¡¡¡¡stupidity¡¡¡¡¡¡suddenly¡¡¡¡¡¡comes¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡destroys¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
ablest¡¡and¡¡most¡¡inspired¡¡schemes£»¡¡we¡¡have¡¡given¡¡the¡¡name¡¡of¡¡instinct¡¡to¡¡
that¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡could¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡apprehend£»¡¡¡¡¡¡postponing¡¡¡¡¡¡our¡¡¡¡¡¡interpretation¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡
word¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡touches¡¡upon¡¡¡¡¡¡life's¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡¡¡¡¡insoluble¡¡¡¡riddles¡£¡¡There¡¡¡¡is£»¡¡¡¡¡¡therefore£»¡¡
from¡¡the¡¡point¡¡of¡¡view¡¡of¡¡the¡¡intellectual¡¡faculties£»¡¡nothing¡¡to¡¡be¡¡gathered¡¡
from¡¡those¡¡extraordinary¡¡creatures¡¡who¡¡are¡¡not£»¡¡like¡¡the¡¡other¡¡animals£»¡¡our¡¡
¡¨lesser¡¡brothers£»¡¨¡¡but¡¡strangers£»¡¡aliens¡¡from¡¡we¡¡know¡¡not¡¡where£»¡¡survivors¡¡
or¡¡percursors¡¡of¡¡another¡¡world¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡21¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡We¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡stage£»¡¡slumbering¡¡peacefully¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡our¡¡¡¡¡¡long¡established¡¡
convictions£»¡¡when¡¡a¡¡man¡¡entered¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡scene¡¡and¡¡suddenly¡¡showed¡¡us¡¡
that¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡wrong¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡that£»¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡long¡¡¡¡¡¡centuries£»¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡over¡¡¡¡¡¡looked¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡
truth¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡scarcely¡¡¡¡¡¡even¡¡¡¡¡¡covered¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡very¡¡¡¡¡¡thin¡¡¡¡¡¡veil¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡And¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
strangest¡¡thing¡¡is¡¡that¡¡this¡¡astonishing¡¡discovery£»¡¡is¡¡in¡¡no¡¡wise¡¡the¡¡natural¡¡
consequence¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡new¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡invention£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡processes¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡methods¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡hitherto¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡109¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡110¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡UNKNOWN¡¡GUEST¡¡
unknown¡£¡¡It¡¡owes¡¡nothing¡¡to¡¡the¡¡latest¡¡acquirements¡¡of¡¡our¡¡knowledge¡£¡¡It¡¡
springs¡¡from¡¡the¡¡humblest¡¡idea¡¡which¡¡the¡¡most¡¡primitive¡¡man¡¡might¡¡have¡¡
conceived¡¡in¡¡the¡¡first¡¡days¡¡of¡¡the¡¡earth's¡¡existence¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡simply¡¡a¡¡matter¡¡of¡¡
having¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡little¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡patience£»¡¡¡¡¡¡confidence¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡respect¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡
shares¡¡¡¡¡¡our¡¡¡¡¡¡lot¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡world¡¡¡¡¡¡whereof¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡know¡¡¡¡¡¡none¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡purposes¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡
simply¡¡a¡¡¡¡matter¡¡¡¡of¡¡having¡¡a¡¡¡¡little¡¡less¡¡pride¡¡¡¡and¡¡of¡¡looking¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡little¡¡¡¡more¡¡
fraternally¡¡upon¡¡existences¡¡that¡¡are¡¡much¡¡more¡¡fraternal¡¡than¡¡we¡¡believed¡£¡¡
There¡¡is¡¡no¡¡secret¡¡about¡¡the¡¡almost¡¡puerile¡¡ingenuousness¡¡of¡¡Von¡¡Osten's¡¡
methods¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡Krall's¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡They¡¡¡¡¡¡start¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡principle¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡horse¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡
ignorant¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡intelligent¡¡¡¡¡¡child£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡treat¡¡¡¡¡¡him¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡such¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡They¡¡¡¡¡¡speak£»¡¡
explain£»¡¡¡¡demonstrate£»¡¡¡¡argue¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡mete¡¡¡¡¡¡out¡¡¡¡¡¡rewards¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡punishments¡¡¡¡¡¡like¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡
schoolmaster¡¡addressing¡¡little¡¡boys¡¡of¡¡five¡¡or¡¡six¡£¡¡They¡¡begin¡¡by¡¡placing¡¡a¡¡
few¡¡skittle¡pins¡¡in¡¡front¡¡of¡¡their¡¡strange¡¡pupil¡£¡¡They¡¡count¡¡them¡¡and¡¡make¡¡
him¡¡¡¡count¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡alternately¡¡¡¡¡¡lifting¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡lowering¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡horse's¡¡¡¡¡¡hoof¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡He¡¡
thus¡¡obtains¡¡his¡¡first¡¡notion¡¡of¡¡numbers¡£¡¡They¡¡next¡¡add¡¡one¡¡or¡¡two¡¡more¡¡
skittles¡¡and¡¡say£»¡¡for¡¡instance£º¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨Three¡¡skittles¡¡and¡¡two¡¡skittles¡¡are¡¡five¡¡skittles¡£¡¨¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡way£»¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡explain¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡teach¡¡¡¡¡¡addition£»¡¡¡¡¡¡next£»¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡reverse¡¡
process£»¡¡subtraction£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡followed¡¡by¡¡multiplication£»¡¡division¡¡and¡¡all¡¡
the¡¡rest¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡At¡¡the¡¡beginning£»¡¡the¡¡lessons¡¡are¡¡extremely¡¡laborious¡¡and¡¡demand¡¡an¡¡
untiring¡¡and¡¡loving¡¡patience£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡secret¡¡of¡¡the¡¡miracle¡£¡¡But£»¡¡
as¡¡¡¡¡¡soon¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡first¡¡¡¡¡¡barrier¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡darkness¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡passed£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡progress¡¡¡¡¡¡becomes¡¡
bewilderingly¡¡rapid¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡All¡¡this¡¡is¡¡incontestable£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡facts¡¡are¡¡there£»¡¡before¡¡which¡¡we¡¡must¡¡
need¡¡bow¡£¡¡But¡¡what¡¡upsets¡¡all¡¡our¡¡convictions¡¡or£»¡¡more¡¡correctly£»¡¡all¡¡the¡¡
prejudices¡¡which¡¡thousands¡¡of¡¡years¡¡have¡¡made¡¡as¡¡invincible¡¡as¡¡axioms£»¡¡
what¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡do¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡succeed¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡understanding¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡horse¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡once¡¡
understands¡¡what¡¡we¡¡want¡¡of¡¡him£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡that¡¡first¡¡step£»¡¡the¡¡first¡¡tremor¡¡of¡¡an¡¡
unexpected¡¡intelligence£»¡¡which¡¡suddenly¡¡reveals¡¡itself¡¡as¡¡human¡£¡¡At¡¡what¡¡
precise¡¡¡¡¡¡second¡¡¡¡¡¡did¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡light¡¡¡¡¡¡appear¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡veil¡¡¡¡¡¡rent¡¡¡¡¡¡under£¿¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡
impossible¡¡to¡¡say£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡certain¡¡that£»¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡given¡¡¡¡¡¡moment£»¡¡¡¡without¡¡any¡¡
visible¡¡¡¡sign¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡reveal¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡prodigious¡¡¡¡¡¡inner¡¡¡¡transformation£»¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡horse¡¡¡¡¡¡acts¡¡
and¡¡replies¡¡as¡¡though¡¡he¡¡suddenly¡¡understood¡¡the¡¡speech¡¡of¡¡man¡£¡¡What¡¡is¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡110¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡111¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡UNKNOWN¡¡GUEST¡¡
it¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡sets¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡miracle¡¡¡¡¡¡working£¿¡¡¡¡¡¡We¡¡¡¡¡¡know¡¡¡¡¡¡that£»¡¡¡¡¡¡after¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡time£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡horse¡¡
associates¡¡certain¡¡words¡¡with¡¡certain¡¡objects¡¡that¡¡interest¡¡him¡¡or¡¡with¡¡three¡¡
or¡¡¡¡¡¡four¡¡¡¡¡¡events¡¡¡¡¡¡whose¡¡¡¡¡¡infinite¡¡¡¡¡¡repetition¡¡¡¡¡¡forms¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡humble¡¡¡¡¡¡tissue¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡
daily¡¡life¡£¡¡This¡¡is¡¡only¡¡a¡¡sort¡¡of¡¡mechanical¡¡memory¡¡which¡¡has¡¡nothing¡¡in¡¡
common¡¡with¡¡the¡¡most¡¡elementary¡¡intelligence¡£¡¡But¡¡behold£»¡¡one¡¡fine¡¡day£»¡¡
without¡¡any¡¡perceptible¡¡transition£»¡¡he¡¡seems¡¡to¡¡know¡¡the¡¡meaning¡¡of¡¡a¡¡host¡¡
of¡¡¡¡¡¡words¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡possess¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡interest¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡him£»¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡represent¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡him¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡
picture£»¡¡no¡¡memory£»¡¡which¡¡he¡¡has¡¡never¡¡had¡¡occasion¡¡to¡¡connect¡¡with¡¡any¡¡
sensation£»¡¡¡¡¡¡agreeable¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡disagreeable¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡He¡¡¡¡¡¡handles¡¡¡¡¡¡figures£»¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡even¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡
man¡¡are¡¡nothing¡¡but¡¡obscure¡¡and¡¡abstract¡¡ideas¡£¡¡He¡¡solves¡¡problems¡¡that¡¡
cannot¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡possibly¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡made¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡objective¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡concrete¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡He¡¡¡¡¡¡reproduces¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡letters¡¡
which£»¡¡from¡¡¡¡his¡¡point¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡view£»¡¡¡¡correspond¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡nothing¡¡actual¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡¡¡fixes¡¡
his¡¡attention¡¡and¡¡makes¡¡observations¡¡on¡¡things¡¡or¡¡circumstances¡¡which¡¡in¡¡
no¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡way¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡affect¡¡¡¡him£»¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡remain¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡always¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡remain¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡alien¡¡¡¡and¡¡
indifferent¡¡to¡¡him¡£¡¡In¡¡a¡¡word£»¡¡he¡¡steps¡¡out¡¡of¡¡the¡¡narrow¡¡ring¡¡in¡¡which¡¡he¡¡
was¡¡made¡¡to¡¡turn¡¡by¡¡hunger¡¡and¡¡fearwhich¡¡have¡¡been¡¡described¡¡as¡¡the¡¡
two¡¡great¡¡moving¡¡powers¡¡of¡¡all¡¡that¡¡is¡¡not¡¡humanto¡¡enter¡¡the¡¡immense¡¡
circle¡¡in¡¡which¡¡sensations¡¡go¡¡on¡¡being¡¡shed¡¡till¡¡ideas¡¡come¡¡into¡¡view¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡22¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Is¡¡it¡¡possible¡¡to¡¡believe¡¡that¡¡the¡¡horses¡¡really¡¡do¡¡what¡¡they¡¡appear¡¡to¡¡do£¿¡¡
Is¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡precedent¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡marvel£¿¡¡¡¡¡¡Is¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡transition¡¡¡¡¡¡between¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
Elberfeld¡¡stallions¡¡and¡¡the¡¡horses¡¡which¡¡we¡¡have¡¡known¡¡until¡¡this¡¡day£¿¡¡It¡¡
is¡¡not¡¡easy¡¡to¡¡answer¡¡these¡¡questions£»¡¡for¡¡it¡¡is¡¡only¡¡since¡¡yesterday¡¡that¡¡the¡¡
intellectual¡¡¡¡¡¡powers¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡our¡¡¡¡¡¡defenseless¡¡¡¡¡¡brothers¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡subjected¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡
strictly¡¡scientific¡¡experiments¡£¡¡We¡¡have£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡true¡¡more¡¡than¡¡one¡¡collection¡¡
of¡¡anecdotes¡¡in¡¡which¡¡the¡¡intelligence¡¡of¡¡animals¡¡is¡¡lauded¡¡to¡¡the¡¡skies£»¡¡but¡¡
we¡¡¡¡¡¡cannot¡¡¡¡¡¡rely¡¡¡¡¡¡upon¡¡¡¡¡¡these¡¡¡¡¡¡ill¡authenticated¡¡¡¡¡¡stories¡£¡¡¡¡To¡¡¡¡¡¡find¡¡¡¡¡¡genuine¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡
incontestable¡¡instances¡¡we¡¡must¡¡have¡¡recourse¡¡to¡¡the¡¡works£»¡¡rare¡¡as¡¡yet£»¡¡of¡¡
scientific¡¡men¡¡who¡¡have¡¡made¡¡a¡¡special¡¡study¡¡of¡¡the¡¡subject¡£¡¡M¡£¡¡Hachet¡¡¡
Souplet£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡example£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡director¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Institut¡¡¡¡¡¡de¡¡¡¡¡¡Psychologie¡¡
Zoologique£»¡¡mentions¡¡the¡¡case¡¡of¡¡a¡¡dog¡¡who¡¡learnt¡¡to¡¡acquire¡¡an¡¡abstract¡¡
idea¡¡of¡¡weight¡£¡¡You¡¡put¡¡in¡¡front¡¡of¡¡him¡¡eight¡¡rounded¡¡and¡¡polished¡¡stones£»¡¡
all¡¡of¡¡exactly¡¡the¡¡same¡¡size¡¡and¡¡shape£»¡¡but¡¡of¡¡different¡¡weights¡£¡¡You¡¡tell¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡111¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡112¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡UNKNOWN¡¡GUEST¡¡
him¡¡to¡¡fetch¡¡the¡¡heaviest¡¡or¡¡the¡¡lightest£»¡¡he¡¡judges¡¡their¡¡weight¡¡by¡¡lifting¡¡
them¡¡and£»¡¡without¡¡mistake£»¡¡picks¡¡out¡¡the¡¡one¡¡required¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡same¡¡writer¡¡also¡¡tells¡¡the¡¡story¡¡of¡¡a¡¡parrot¡¡to¡¡whom¡¡he¡¡had¡¡taught¡¡
the¡¡word¡¡¡¨cupboard¡¨¡¡by¡¡showing¡¡him¡¡a¡¡little¡¡box¡¡that¡¡could¡¡be¡¡hung¡¡up¡¡on¡¡
the¡¡wall¡¡at¡¡different¡¡heights¡¡and¡¡in¡¡which¡¡his¡¡daily¡¡allowance¡¡of¡¡food¡¡was¡¡
always¡¡ostentatiously¡¡put¡¡away£»¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨I¡¡next¡¡taught¡¡him¡¡the¡¡names¡¡of¡¡a¡¡number¡¡of¡¡objects£»¡¨¡¡says¡¡M¡£¡¡Hachet¡¡¡
Souplet£»¡¡¡¨by¡¡holding¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡out¡¡to¡¡him¡£¡¡Among¡¡them¡¡¡¡was¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡ladder£»¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡
prevailed¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡bird¡¡to¡¡say£»¡¡'Climb£»'¡¡each¡¡time¡¡that¡¡he¡¡saw¡¡me¡¡mount¡¡
the¡¡¡¡¡¡steps¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡One¡¡¡¡¡¡morning£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡when¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡parrot's¡¡¡¡cage¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡brought¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡into¡¡¡¡the¡¡
laboratory£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡cupboard¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡hanging¡¡¡¡¡¡near¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡ceiling£»¡¡¡¡¡¡while¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡little¡¡
ladder¡¡was¡¡stowed¡¡away¡¡in¡¡a¡¡corner¡¡among¡¡other¡¡objects¡¡familiar¡¡to¡¡the¡¡
bird¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Now¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡parrot£»¡¡¡¡¡¡every¡¡¡¡¡¡day£»¡¡¡¡¡¡when¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡opened¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡cupboard£»¡¡¡¡¡¡used¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡
scream£»¡¡'Cupboard£¡¡¡Cupboard£¡¡¡Cupboard£¡'¡¡with¡¡all¡¡his¡¡might¡£¡¡My¡¡problem¡¡
was£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡this£º¡¡seeing¡¡that¡¡the¡¡cupboard¡¡was¡¡out¡¡of¡¡my¡¡reach¡¡and¡¡that£»¡¡
therefore£»¡¡I¡¡could¡¡not¡¡take¡¡his¡¡food¡¡out¡¡of¡¡it£»¡¡knowing£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡other¡¡hand£»¡¡
that¡¡I¡¡was¡¡able¡¡to¡¡raise¡¡myself¡¡above¡¡the¡¡level¡¡of¡¡the¡¡floor¡¡by¡¡climbing¡¡the¡¡
ladder£»¡¡and¡¡having¡¡the¡¡words¡¡'climb'¡¡and¡¡'ladder'¡¡at¡¡his¡¡disposal£º¡¡would¡¡he¡¡
employ¡¡them¡¡to¡¡suggest¡¡to¡¡me¡¡the¡¡idea¡¡of¡¡using¡¡them¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡reach¡¡the¡¡
cupboard£¿¡¡Greatly¡¡excited£»¡¡the¡¡parrot¡¡flapped¡¡his¡¡wings£»¡¡bit¡¡the¡¡bars¡¡of¡¡his¡¡
cage£»¡¡and¡¡screamed£º¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨'Cupboard£¡¡¡Cupboard£¡¡¡Cupboard£¡'¡¨¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨And¡¡I¡¡got¡¡no¡¡more¡¡out¡¡of¡¡him¡¡that¡¡day¡£¡¡The¡¡next¡¡day£»¡¡the¡¡bird£»¡¡having¡¡
received¡¡nothing¡¡but¡¡millet£»¡¡for¡¡which¡¡he¡¡did¡¡not¡¡much¡¡care£»¡¡instead¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
hemp¡seed¡¡¡¡¡¡contained¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡cupboard£»¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡paroxysms¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡anger£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and£»¡¡
after¡¡he¡¡had¡¡made¡¡numberl