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the mastery of the air(荷忿腎賑)-及32何蛍

弌傍�� the mastery of the air(荷忿腎賑) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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machine�察  �and   his   life�察  �depended。   The   excuse   cannot   be   made   that   his 



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mechanics had performed this all´important work of inspection�察�for their 

attention      was    centred    on    the   daring    ;banking      ;  evolutions      of   some 

audacious pilot in the aerodrome。 

     Mr。   C。   G。   Grey�察  �the   well´known   writer   on   aviation   matters�察  �and   the 

editor of The Aeroplane�察�says�察�with regard to the need of inspection of air´ 

craft�此�

     ;A  pilot   is   simply   asking   for   trouble   if   he   does   not   go   all   over   his 

machine   himself   at   least   once   a   day�察  �and�察  �if   possible�察  �every   time   he   is 

starting for a flight。 

     ;One   seldom   hears�察  �in   these   days�察  �of   a   broken   wheel   or   axle   on   a 

railway coach�察�yet at the chief stopping places on our railways a man goes 

round each train as it comes in�察�tapping the tires with a hammer to detect 

cracks�察�feeling the hubs to see if there is any sign of a hot box�察�and looking 

into the grease   containers to   see if there is   a proper supply of   lubricant。 

There   ought   to   be   a   similar   inspection   of   every   aeroplane   every   time   it 

touches   the   ground。 The   jar  of   even   the  best   of   landings   may   fracture   a 

bolt holding a wire�察�so that when the machine goes up again the wire may 

fly back and break the propeller�察�or get tangled in the control wires�察�or a 

strut or socket may crack in landing�察�and many other things may happen 

which   careful   inspection   would   disclose   before   any   harm   could   occur。 

Mechanics who inspected machines regularly would be able to go all over 

them   in   a   few   minutes�察  �and   no   time   would   be   wasted。  As   it   is�察  �at   any 

aerodrome one sees a machine come down�察�the pilot and passenger ��a fare 

or   a   pupil��   climb   out�察  �the   mechanics   hang   round   and   smoke   cigarettes�察�

unless they have to perform the arduous duties of filling up with petrol。 In 

due course another passenger and a pilot climb in�察�a mechanic swings the 

propeller�察  �and   away   they   go   quite   happily。   If   anything   casts   loose   they 

come downand it is truly wonderful how many things can come loose or 

break   in   the   air   without   anyone   being   killed。   If   some   thing   breaks   in 

landing�察  �and   does   not   actually  fall   out   of   place�察  �it   is   simply  a   matter   of 

luck whether anyone happens to see it or not。; 

     This   advice�察  �coming   from   a   man   with   such   wide   experience   of   the 

theory  and   practice   of   flying�察  �should   surely  be   heeded   by  all   those   who 

engage in deadly combat with the demons of the air。 In the early days of 



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aviation�察�pilots were unacquainted with the nature and method of approach 

of treacherous wind gusts�察�often when they were flying along in a steady�察�

regular wind�察�one of these gusts would strike their craft on one side�察�and 

either overturn it or cause it to over´bank�察�so that it crashed to earth with a 

swift side´slip through the air。 

     Happily the experience of those days�察�though purchased at the cost of 

many   lives�察  �has   taught   makers   of   air´craft   to   design   their   machines   on 

more   trustworthy   lines。   Pilots�察  �too�察  �have   made   a   scientific   study   of   air 

eddies�察�gusts�察�and so on�察�and the danger of flying in a strong or gusty wind 

is comparatively small。 



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           CHAPTER XLVII Accidents and their Cause 



                                         ��Cont。�� 



     Many people still think that if the engine of an aeroplane should stop 

while   the   machine   was   in   mid´air�察  �a   terrible   disaster   would   happen。 All 

petrol    engines    may    be   described    as   fickle  in   their  behaviour�察    �and   so 

complicated is their structure that the best of them are given to stopping 

without any warning。 Aeroplane engines are far superior in horse´power to 

those fitted to motorcars�察�and consequently their structure is more intricate。 

But   if   an   airman's   engine   suddenly   stopped   there   would   be   no   reason 

whatever   why   he   should       tumble   down      head   first  and   break   his   neck。 

Strange to say�察�too�察�the higher he was flying the safer he would be。 

     All   machines   have   what   is   called   a   GLIDING   ANGLE。   When   the 

designer plans his machine he considers the distribution of the weight or 

the   engine�察  �pilot   and   passengers�察  �of   the   petrol�察  �aeronautical   instruments�察�

and planes�察�so that the aeroplane is built in such a manner that when the 

engine     stops�察  �and   the   nose   of  the   machine     is  turned   downwards�察      �the 

aeroplane of its own accord takes up its gliding angle and glides to earth。 

     Gliding angles vary in different machines。 If the angle is one in twelve�察�

this would mean that if the glide wave commenced at a height of 1 mile�察�

and   continued in   a straight   line�察  �the  pilot   would   come   to   earth   12   miles 

distant。 We are all familiar with the gradients shown on railways。 There we 

see   displayed     on   short   sign´posts   such    notices   as   ;1  in  50;�察  �with   the 

opposite   arms      of  the   post  pointing    upwards   and      downwards。      This�察  �of 

course�察�means that the slope of the railway at that particular place is 1 foot 

in a distance of 50 feet。 

     One   in   twelve   may   be   described   as   the   natural   gradient   which   the 

machine   automatically   makes   when   engine   power   is   cut   off。   It   will   be 

evident why it is safer for a pilot to fly�察�say�察�at four or five thousand feet 

high than just over the tree´tops or the chimney´pots of towns。 Suppose�察�

for example�察  �the   machine has   a gliding angle   of one in   twelve�察  �and   that 

when at an altitude of about a mile the engine should stop。 We will assume 

that at the time of the stoppage the pilot is over a forest where it is quite 



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impossible to land。 Directly the engine stopped he would change the angle 

of the elevating plane�察�so that the aeroplane   would naturally fall into its 

gliding   angle。   The   craft   would   at   once   settle   itself   into   a   forward   and 

slightly downward glide�察�and the airman�察�from his point of vantage�察�would 

be able to see the extent of the forest。 We will assume that the aeroplane is 

gliding     in  a   northerly    direction�察   �and    that  the   country     is  almost    as 

unfavourable   for   landing   there   as   over   the   forest   itself。   In   fact�察  �we   will 

imagine      an   extreme     case�察   �where    the   airman     is  over    country     quite 

unsuitable for landing except toward the south�察�that is�察�exactly opposite to 

the   direction   in   which   he   starts   to   glide。   Fortunately�察  �there   is   no   reason 

why he should not steer his machine right round in the air�察�even though the 

only power is that derived from the force of gravity。 His descent would be 

in an immense slope�察�extending 10 or 12 miles from the place where the 

engine stopped working。 He would therefore be able to choose a suitable 

landing´place and reach earth quite safely。 

     But supposing the airman to be flying about a hundred yards above the 

forest´an     occurrence     not   likely   to  happen    with   a   skilled  airman�察    �who 

would probably take an altitude of nearly a mile。 Almost before he could 

have time to alter his elevating plane�察�and certainly long before he could 

reach open ground�察�he would be on the tree´tops。 

     It is thought that in the near future air´craft will�察�be fitted with two or 

more motors�察�so that when one fails the other will keep the machine on its 

course。 This   has been   found necessary  in   Zeppelin   air´ships。  In   an   early 

Zeppelin model�察�which was provided with one engine only�察�the insufficient 

power caused the pilot to descend on unfavourable ground�察�and his vessel 

was wrecked。 More recent types of Zeppelins are fitted with three or four 

engines。 Experiments have already been made with the dual´engine plant 

for aeroplanes�察�notably by Messrs。 Short Brothers�察�of Rochester�察�and the 

tests have given every satisfaction。 

     There   is   little   doubt   that   if   the   large   passenger   aeroplane   is   made 

possible�察    �and    if  parliamentary      powers     have    to  be   obtained     for   the 

formation of companies for passenger traffic by aeroplane�察�it will be made 

compulsory   to   fit   machines   with   two   or   more   engines�察  �driving   three   or 

four distinct propellers。 One of the engines would possibly be of inferior 



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power�察�and used only in cases of emergency。 

     Still another cause of accident�察�which in some cases has proved fatal�察�

is the taking of unnecessary risks when in the air。 This has happened more 

in   America   and   in   France   than   in   Great   Britain。   An   airman   may   have 

performed   a   very  difficult   and   daring   feat   at some   flying   exhibition   and 

the papers belauded his courage。 A rival airman�察�not wishing to be outdone 

in skill or courage�察�immediately tries either to repeat the performance or to 


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