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in skill or courage�察�immediately tries either to repeat the performance or to 

perform an even more difficult evolution。 The result may very well end in 

disaster�察�and 

        FAMOUS AIRMAN KILLED 

     is seen on most of the newspaper bills。 

     The daring of some of our professional airmen is notorious。 There is 

one particular pilot�察�whose name is frequently before us�察�whom I have in 

mind   when   writing   this   chapter。   On   several   occasions   I   have   seen   him 

flying over densely´packed crowds�察�at a height of about two hundred feet 

or   so。   With   out   the   slightest   warning   he   would   make   a   very   sharp   and 

almost vertical dive。 The spectators�察�thinking that something very serious 

had happened�察�would scatter in all directions�察�only to see the pilot right his 

machine and jokingly wave his hand to them。 One trembles to think what 

would have been the result if the machine had crashed to earth�察�as it might 

very easily have done。 It is interesting to relate that the risks taken by this 

pilot�察�both with regard to the spectators and himself�察�formed the subject of 

comment�察  �and�察  �for   the   future�察  �flying   over   the   spectators'   heads   has   been 

strictly forbidden。 

     From   1909   to   1913   about   130   airmen   lost   their   lives   in   Germany�察�

France�察�America�察�and the British Isles�察�and of this number the British loss 

was     between     thirty  and   forty。  Strange     to  say�察 �nearly   all  the   German 

fatalities    have   taken    place   in   air´ships�察  �which     were   for   some    years 

considered much safer than the heavier´than´air machine。 



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      CHAPTER XLVIII Some Technical Terms used by 



                                       Aviators 



     Though this book cannot pretend to go deeply into the technical side 

of   aviation�察  �there   are   certain   terms   and   expressions   in   everyday   use   by 

aviators that it is well to know and understand。 

     First�察�as to the machines themselves。 You are now able to distinguish a 

monoplane from a biplane�察�and you have been told the difference between 

a TRACTOR biplane and a PROPELLER biplane。 In the former type the 

screw is in front of the pilot�察�in the latter it is to the rear of the pilot's seat。 

     Reference      has   been   previously    made     to  the  FUSELAGE�察        �SKIDS�察�

AILERONS�察         �WARPING         CONTROLS�察          �ELEVATING          PLANES�察      �and 

RUDDER  of   the  various   forms   of   air´craft。 We   have   also   spoken   of   the 

GLIDING ANGLE   of   a   machine。   Frequently  a   pilot   makes   his   machine 

dive at a much steeper gradient than is given by its natural gliding angle。 

When the fall is about one in six the glide is known as a VOL PLANE�察�if 

the descent is made almost vertically it is called a VOL PIQUE。 

     In some cases a PANCAKE descent is made。 This is caused by such a 

decrease of speed that the aeroplane�察�though still moving forward�察�begins 

to   drop   downwards。   When   the   pilot   finds   that   this   is   taking   place�察  �he 

points the nose of his machine at a much steeper angle�察�and so reaches his 

normal flying   speed�察  �and   is   able to   effect   a   safe   landing。   If   he   were too 

near   the   earth   he   would   not   be   able   to   make   this   sharp   dive�察  �and   the 

probability      is  that  the   aeroplane     would     come     down     flat�察 �with   the 

possibility of a damaged chassis。 It is considered faulty piloting to make a 

pancake descent where there is ample landing space�察�in certain restricted 

areas�察�however�察�it is quite necessary to land in this way。 

     A far more dangerous occurrence is the SIDE´SLIP。 Watch a pilot vol´ 

planing to earth from a great height with his engine shut off。 The propeller 

rotates in an irregular manner�察�sometimes stopping altogether。 When this 

happens�察  �the   skilful   pilot   forces   the   nose   of   his   machine   down�察  �and   so 

regains his normal flying speed�察�but if he allowed the propeller to stop and 

at   the   same   time   his   forward   speed   through   the   air   to   be   considerably 



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diminished�察�his machine would probably slip sideways through the air and 

crash   to   earth。   In   many   cases   side´slips   have   taken   place   at   aerodromes 

when the   pilot has   been   rounding   a   pylon   with   the   nose of   his   machine 

pointing upwards。 

     When a machine flies round a corner very quickly the pilot tilts it to 

one side。 Such action as this is known as BANKING。 This operation can 

be witnessed at any aerodrome when speed handicaps are taking place。 

     Since upside´down flying came into vogue we have heard a great deal 

about NOSE DIVING。 This is a headlong dive towards earth with the nose 

of the machine pointing vertically downwards。 As a rule the pilot makes a 

sharp nose dive before he loops the loop。 

     Sometimes an aeroplane enters a tract of air where there seems to be 

no supporting power for the planes�察�in short�察�there appears to be�察�as it were�察�

a HOLE in the air。 Scientifically there is no such thing as a hole in the air�察�

but   airmen   are   more   concerned   with   practice than   with   theory�察  �and   they 

have�察�for their own purposes�察�designated this curious phenomenon an AIR 

POCKET。   In   the   early   days   of   aviation�察  �when   machines   were   far   less 

stable and pilots more quickly lost control of their craft�察�the air pocket was 

greatly dreaded�察�but nowadays little notice is taken of it。 

     A   violent   disturbance   in   the   air   is   known   as   a   REMOUS。   This   is 

somewhat similar to an eddy in a stream�察�and it has the effect of making 

the machine fly very unsteadily。 Remous are probably caused by electrical 

disturbances of the atmosphere�察�which cause the air streams to meet and 

mingle�察�breaking up into filaments or banding rills of air。 The windthat is�察�

air   in   motionfar   from   being   of   approximate   uniformity�察  �is�察  �under   most 

ordinary   conditions�察  �irregular   almost   beyond   conception�察  �and   it   is   with 

such   great   irregularities   in   the   force   of   the   air   streams   that   airmen   have 

constantly to contend。 



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               CHAPTER XLIX The Future in the Air 



     Three years before the outbreak of the Great War�察�the Master´General 

of   Ordnance�察     �who    was   in  charge    of  Aeronautics     at  the   War   Office�察�

declared�此 �We are not yet convinced that either aeroplanes or air´ships will 

be of any utility in war;。 

     After four years of war�察�with its ceaseless struggle between the Allies 

and the Central Powers for supremacy in the air�察�such a statement makes 

us rub our eyes as though we had been dreaming。 

     Seven yearsand in its passage the air encircling the globe has become 

one   gigantic battle   area�察 �the   British   Isles   have lost   the   age´long   security 

which     the  seas   gave    them�察  �and   to  regain   the   old  proud    unassailable 

position must build a gigantic aerial fleet as greatly superior to that of 

their neighbours as was�察�and is�察�the British Navy。 

     Seven yearsand the monoplane is on the scrap´heap�察�the Zeppelin has 

come as a giant destroyerand gone�察�flying rather ridiculously before the 

onslaughts of its tiny foes。 In a recent article the editor of The Aeroplane 

referred to the erstwhile terror of the air as follows�此 �The best of air´ships 

is   at  the  mercy    of  a  second´rate     aeroplane;。    Enough     to  make    Count 

Zeppelin turn in his grave� �

     To´day in aerial warfare the air´ship is relegated to the task of observer。 

As   the   ;Blimp;�察  �the   kite´balloon�察  �the   coast   patrol�察  �it   scouts   and   takes 

copious notes�察�but it leaves the fighting to a tiny�察�heavier´than´air machine 

armed     with   a  Lewis    gun�察  �and   destructive    attacks   to  those   big  bomb´ 

droppers�察�the British Handley Page�察�the German Gotha�察�the Italian Morane 

tri´plane。 

     The war in the air has been fought with varying fortunes。 But�察�looking 

back upon four years of war�察�we may say that�察�in spite of a slow start�察�we 

have managed to catch up our adversaries�察�and of late we have certainly 

dealt as hard knocks as we have received。 A great spurt of aerial activity 

marked the opening of the year 1918。 From all quarters of the globe came 

reports�察�moderate and almost bald in style�察�but between the lines of which 

the   average    man    could    read  word´pictures      of  the  skill�察 �prowess�察   �and 

ceaseless bravery of the men of the Royal Flying Corps and Royal Naval 



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Air   Service。   Recently   there   have   appeared   two   official   publications   ��1�В察�

profusely illustrated with photographs�察�which give an excellent idea of the 

work   and   training   of   members   of   the   two   corps。   Forewords   have   been 

contributed   respectively   by   Lord   Hugh   Cecil   and   Sir   Eric   Geddes�察  �First 

Lord of the Admiralty。 These publications lift a curtain upon not only the 

activities     of   the   two    Corps�察    �but   the   tremendous       organization      now 

demanded by war in the air。 

     ��1�А�The Work and Training of the Royal Flying Corps and The Work 

and Training of the Royal Naval Air Service。 

       All   this   to´day。   To´morrow   the   Handley   Page   and   Gotha   may   b

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