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the mastery of the air(荷忿腎賑)-及7何蛍

弌傍�� the mastery of the air(荷忿腎賑) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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to the civil population。 In the long list of German miscalculations must be 

included   that   which   pictured   the   victims   of   bombardment   from   the   air 

crying out in terror for peace at any price。 

     Before the war Count Zeppelin was regarded by the British public as 

rather a picturesque personality。 He appeared in the romantic guise of the 

inventor   struggling   against   difficulties   and   disasters   which   would   soon 

have   overwhelmed   a   man   of   less   resolute   character。   Even   old   age   was 

included in his handicap�察�for he was verging on seventy when still arming 

against a sea of troubles。 

     The ebb and flow of his fortunes were followed with intense interest in 

this country�察�and it is not too much to say that the many disasters which 

overtook his air´ships in their experimental stages were regarded as world´ 

wide calamities。 

     When�察  �finally�察  �the   Count   stood   on   the   brink   of   ruin   and   the   Kaiser 

stepped forward as his saviour�察�something like a cheer went up from the 

British public at this theatrical episode。 Little did the audience realize what 

was    to  be   the  outcome     of   the  association    between     these   callous   and 



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masterful minds。 

     And now for a brief sketch of Count Zeppelin's life´story。 He was born 

in   1838�察  �in   a   monastery   on   an   island   in   Lake   Constance。   His   love   of 

adventure took him to America�察�and when he was about twenty´five years 

of   age   he   took   part   in   the   American   Civil   War。   Here   he   made   his   first 

aerial ascent in a balloon belonging to the Federal army�察�and in this way 

made that acquaintance with aeronautics which became the ruling passion 

of his life。 

     After the war was over he returned to Germany�察�only to find another 

war awaiting himthe Austro´Prussian campaign。 Later on he took part in 

the Franco´Prussian War�察�and in both campaigns he emerged unscathed。 

     But   his   heart   was   not   in  the   profession   of   soldiering。   He   had   the 

restless mind of the inventor�察�and when he retired�察�a general�察�after twenty 

years'   military   service�察  �he   was   free   to   give   his   whole   attention   to   his 

dreams of aerial navigation。 His greatest ambition was to make his country 

pre´eminent in aerial greatness。 

     Friends   to   whom   he     revealed    his  inmost    thoughts    laughed     at  him 

behind his back�察�and considered that he was ;a little bit wrong in his head;。 

Certainly his ideas of a huge aerial fleet appeared most extravagant�察�for it 

must be remembered that the motor´engine had not then arrived�察�and there 

appeared no reasonable prospect of its invention。 

     Perseverance�察�however�察�was the dominant feature of Count Zeppelin's 

character�察�he refused to be beaten。 His difficulties were formidable。 In the 

first   place�察  �he   had   to   master   the   whole   science   of   aeronautics�察  �which 

implies some knowledge of mechanics�察�meteorology�察�and electricity。 This 

in itself was no small task for a man of over fifty years of age�察�for it was 

not until Count Zeppelin had retired from the army that he began to study 

these subjects at all deeply。 

     The next step was to construct a large shed for the housing of his air´ 

ship�察�and also for the purpose of carrying out numerous costly experiments。 

The Count selected Friedrichshafen�察�on the shores of Lake Constance�察�as 

his   head´quarters。   He   decided   to   conduct   his   experiments   over   the   calm 

waters of the lake�察�in order to lessen the effects of a fall。 The original shed 

was constructed on pontoons�察�and it could be turned round as desired�察�so 



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that    the  air´ship    could   be   brought     out   in  the  lee   of  any    wind    from 

whatsoever quarter it came。 

     It is said that the Count's private fortune of about L25��000 was soon 

expended   in   the   cost   of   these   works   and   the   necessary   experiments。   To 

continue his work he had to appeal for funds to all his friends�察�and also to 

all patriotic Germans�察�from the Kaiser downwards。 

     At   length�察  �in   1908�察  �there   came   a   turning´point   in   his   fortunes。   The 

German Government�察�which had watched the Count's progress with great 

interest�察�offered to buy his invention outright if he succeeded in remaining 

aloft in one of his dirigibles for twenty´four hours。 The Count did not quite 

succeed in his task�察�but he aroused the great interest of the whole German 

nation�察 �and   a   Zeppelin   fund   was   established�察�under   the   patronage   of   the 

Kaiser�察�in every town and city in the Fatherland。 In about a month the fund 

amounted to over L300��000。 With this sum the veteran inventor was able 

to   extend   his   works�察 �and   produce   air´ship   after   air´ship   with   remarkable 

rapidity。   When�察  �war   broke   out   it   is   probable   that   Germany   possessed   at 

least   thirteen   air´ships   which   had   fulfilled   very   difficult   tests。   One   had 

flown   1800   miles   in   a   single   journey。   Thus   the   East   Coast   of   England�察�

representing a return journey of less than 600 miles was well within their 

range of action。 



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              CHAPTER X A Zeppelin Air´ship and its 



                                    Construction 



     After    the   Zeppelin     fund   had    brought    in  a   sum   of   money     which 

probably      exceeded      all  expectations�察    �a  company       was   formed     for   the 

construction of dirigibles in the Zeppelin works on Lake Constance�察�and in 

1909 an enormous air´ship was produced。 

     In   shape   a   Zeppelin   dirigible   resembled   a   gigantic   cigar�察  �pointed   at 

both   ends。   If   placed   with   one   end   on   the   ground   in   Trafalgar   Square�察�

London�察�its other end would be nearly three times the height of the Nelson 

Column�察�which�察�as you may know�察�is 166 feet。 

     From   the   diagram   here   given�察  �which   shows   a   sectional   view   of   a 

typical Zeppelin air´ship�察�we may obtain a clear idea of the main features 

of   the   craft。   From   time   to   time�察  �during   the   last   dozen   years   or   so�察  �the 

inventor has added certain details�察�but the main features as shown in the 

illustration are common to all air´craft of this type。 

     Zeppelin L1 was 525 feet in length�察�with a diameter of 50 feet。 Some 

idea   of   the   size   may   be   obtained   through   the   knowledge   that   she   was 

longer than a modern Dreadnought。 The framework was made of specially 

light    metal�察  �aluminium      alloy�察  �and   wood。    This    framework�察     �which    was 

stayed with steel wire�察�maintained the shape and rigidity of her gas´bags�察�

hence  vessels of   this   type   are known   as   RIGID   air´ships。  Externally  the 

hull was covered with a waterproof fabric。 

     Though�察  �from   outside�察  �a   rigid   air´ship   looks   to   be   all   in   one   piece�察�

within   it   is   divided   into   numerous   compartments。   In   Zeppelin   L1   there 

were eighteen separate compartments�察�each of which contained a balloon 

filled   with   hydrogen   gas。   The   object   of   providing   the   vessel   with   these 

small balloons�察�or ballonets�察�all separate from one another�察�was to prevent 

the gas collecting all at one end of the ship as the vessel travelled through 

the   air。   Outside   the   ballonets   there   was   a   ring´shaped�察  �double   bottom�察�

containing non´inflammable   gas�察  �and   the   whole   was   enclosed   in   rubber´ 

coated fabric。 

     The crew and motors were carried in cars slung fore and aft。 The ship 



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was propelled by three engines�察�each of 170 horse´power。 One engine was 

placed in the forward car�察�and the two others in the after car。 To steer her 

to right or left�察�she had six vertical planes somewhat resembling box´kites�察�

while eight horizontal planes enabled her to ascend or descend。 

     In Zeppelin L2�察�which was a later type of craft�察�there were four motors 

capable     of   developing     820   horse´power。      These    drove    four   propellers�察�

which gave the craft a speed of about 45 miles an hour。 

     The cars were connected by a gangway built within the framework。 On 

the top of the gas´chambers was a platform of aluminium alloy�察�carrying a 

1´pounder gun�察�and used also as an observation station。 It is thought that 

L1 was also provided with four machine´guns in her cars。 

     Later  types   of   Zeppelins   were  fitted   with   a   ;wireless;   installation   of 

sufficient   range   to   transmit   and   receive   messages   up   to   350   miles。   L1 

could rise to the height of a mile in favourable weather�察�and carry about 7 

tons over and above her own weight。 

     Even     when     on   ground     the   unwieldy     craft   cause    many     anxious 

moments to the officers and mechanics who handle them。 Two of the line 

have broken loose from their anchorage in a storm and have been totally 

destroyed。 Great difficulty is also experienced in getting them in and out 

of their sheds。 Here�察�indeed�察�is a contrast with the ease and rapidity with 

which an aeroplane is removed from its hangar。 

     It   was   maintained   by   the   inventor   that�察  �as   the   vessel   is   rigid�察  �and 

therefore no pressure is required in the gas´chamber to maintain its 

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