the mastery of the air(荷忿腎賑)-及7何蛍
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!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
to the civil population。 In the long list of German miscalculations must be
included that which pictured the victims of bombardment from the air
crying out in terror for peace at any price。
Before the war Count Zeppelin was regarded by the British public as
rather a picturesque personality。 He appeared in the romantic guise of the
inventor struggling against difficulties and disasters which would soon
have overwhelmed a man of less resolute character。 Even old age was
included in his handicap�察�for he was verging on seventy when still arming
against a sea of troubles。
The ebb and flow of his fortunes were followed with intense interest in
this country�察�and it is not too much to say that the many disasters which
overtook his air´ships in their experimental stages were regarded as world´
wide calamities。
When�察 �finally�察 �the Count stood on the brink of ruin and the Kaiser
stepped forward as his saviour�察�something like a cheer went up from the
British public at this theatrical episode。 Little did the audience realize what
was to be the outcome of the association between these callous and
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THE MASTERY OF THE AIR
masterful minds。
And now for a brief sketch of Count Zeppelin's life´story。 He was born
in 1838�察 �in a monastery on an island in Lake Constance。 His love of
adventure took him to America�察�and when he was about twenty´five years
of age he took part in the American Civil War。 Here he made his first
aerial ascent in a balloon belonging to the Federal army�察�and in this way
made that acquaintance with aeronautics which became the ruling passion
of his life。
After the war was over he returned to Germany�察�only to find another
war awaiting himthe Austro´Prussian campaign。 Later on he took part in
the Franco´Prussian War�察�and in both campaigns he emerged unscathed。
But his heart was not in the profession of soldiering。 He had the
restless mind of the inventor�察�and when he retired�察�a general�察�after twenty
years' military service�察 �he was free to give his whole attention to his
dreams of aerial navigation。 His greatest ambition was to make his country
pre´eminent in aerial greatness。
Friends to whom he revealed his inmost thoughts laughed at him
behind his back�察�and considered that he was ;a little bit wrong in his head;。
Certainly his ideas of a huge aerial fleet appeared most extravagant�察�for it
must be remembered that the motor´engine had not then arrived�察�and there
appeared no reasonable prospect of its invention。
Perseverance�察�however�察�was the dominant feature of Count Zeppelin's
character�察�he refused to be beaten。 His difficulties were formidable。 In the
first place�察 �he had to master the whole science of aeronautics�察 �which
implies some knowledge of mechanics�察�meteorology�察�and electricity。 This
in itself was no small task for a man of over fifty years of age�察�for it was
not until Count Zeppelin had retired from the army that he began to study
these subjects at all deeply。
The next step was to construct a large shed for the housing of his air´
ship�察�and also for the purpose of carrying out numerous costly experiments。
The Count selected Friedrichshafen�察�on the shores of Lake Constance�察�as
his head´quarters。 He decided to conduct his experiments over the calm
waters of the lake�察�in order to lessen the effects of a fall。 The original shed
was constructed on pontoons�察�and it could be turned round as desired�察�so
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THE MASTERY OF THE AIR
that the air´ship could be brought out in the lee of any wind from
whatsoever quarter it came。
It is said that the Count's private fortune of about L25��000 was soon
expended in the cost of these works and the necessary experiments。 To
continue his work he had to appeal for funds to all his friends�察�and also to
all patriotic Germans�察�from the Kaiser downwards。
At length�察 �in 1908�察 �there came a turning´point in his fortunes。 The
German Government�察�which had watched the Count's progress with great
interest�察�offered to buy his invention outright if he succeeded in remaining
aloft in one of his dirigibles for twenty´four hours。 The Count did not quite
succeed in his task�察�but he aroused the great interest of the whole German
nation�察 �and a Zeppelin fund was established�察�under the patronage of the
Kaiser�察�in every town and city in the Fatherland。 In about a month the fund
amounted to over L300��000。 With this sum the veteran inventor was able
to extend his works�察 �and produce air´ship after air´ship with remarkable
rapidity。 When�察 �war broke out it is probable that Germany possessed at
least thirteen air´ships which had fulfilled very difficult tests。 One had
flown 1800 miles in a single journey。 Thus the East Coast of England�察�
representing a return journey of less than 600 miles was well within their
range of action。
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CHAPTER X A Zeppelin Air´ship and its
Construction
After the Zeppelin fund had brought in a sum of money which
probably exceeded all expectations�察 �a company was formed for the
construction of dirigibles in the Zeppelin works on Lake Constance�察�and in
1909 an enormous air´ship was produced。
In shape a Zeppelin dirigible resembled a gigantic cigar�察 �pointed at
both ends。 If placed with one end on the ground in Trafalgar Square�察�
London�察�its other end would be nearly three times the height of the Nelson
Column�察�which�察�as you may know�察�is 166 feet。
From the diagram here given�察 �which shows a sectional view of a
typical Zeppelin air´ship�察�we may obtain a clear idea of the main features
of the craft。 From time to time�察 �during the last dozen years or so�察 �the
inventor has added certain details�察�but the main features as shown in the
illustration are common to all air´craft of this type。
Zeppelin L1 was 525 feet in length�察�with a diameter of 50 feet。 Some
idea of the size may be obtained through the knowledge that she was
longer than a modern Dreadnought。 The framework was made of specially
light metal�察 �aluminium alloy�察 �and wood。 This framework�察 �which was
stayed with steel wire�察�maintained the shape and rigidity of her gas´bags�察�
hence vessels of this type are known as RIGID air´ships。 Externally the
hull was covered with a waterproof fabric。
Though�察 �from outside�察 �a rigid air´ship looks to be all in one piece�察�
within it is divided into numerous compartments。 In Zeppelin L1 there
were eighteen separate compartments�察�each of which contained a balloon
filled with hydrogen gas。 The object of providing the vessel with these
small balloons�察�or ballonets�察�all separate from one another�察�was to prevent
the gas collecting all at one end of the ship as the vessel travelled through
the air。 Outside the ballonets there was a ring´shaped�察 �double bottom�察�
containing non´inflammable gas�察 �and the whole was enclosed in rubber´
coated fabric。
The crew and motors were carried in cars slung fore and aft。 The ship
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was propelled by three engines�察�each of 170 horse´power。 One engine was
placed in the forward car�察�and the two others in the after car。 To steer her
to right or left�察�she had six vertical planes somewhat resembling box´kites�察�
while eight horizontal planes enabled her to ascend or descend。
In Zeppelin L2�察�which was a later type of craft�察�there were four motors
capable of developing 820 horse´power。 These drove four propellers�察�
which gave the craft a speed of about 45 miles an hour。
The cars were connected by a gangway built within the framework。 On
the top of the gas´chambers was a platform of aluminium alloy�察�carrying a
1´pounder gun�察�and used also as an observation station。 It is thought that
L1 was also provided with four machine´guns in her cars。
Later types of Zeppelins were fitted with a ;wireless; installation of
sufficient range to transmit and receive messages up to 350 miles。 L1
could rise to the height of a mile in favourable weather�察�and carry about 7
tons over and above her own weight。
Even when on ground the unwieldy craft cause many anxious
moments to the officers and mechanics who handle them。 Two of the line
have broken loose from their anchorage in a storm and have been totally
destroyed。 Great difficulty is also experienced in getting them in and out
of their sheds。 Here�察�indeed�察�is a contrast with the ease and rapidity with
which an aeroplane is removed from its hangar。
It was maintained by the inventor that�察 �as the vessel is rigid�察 �and
therefore no pressure is required in the gas´chamber to maintain its