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      have committed than for the miseries they suffer�察�are not out of 


      hope but that at last either the Prince will�察�by his prerogative�察�


      or the people by their intercession�察�restore them again to their 


      liberty�察�or at least very much mitigate their slavery。 He that 


      tempts a married woman to adultery is no less severely punished 


      than he that commits it�察�for they believe that a deliberate design 


      to commit a crime is equal to the fact itself�此�since its not 


      taking effect does not make the person that miscarried in his 


      attempt at all the less guilty。





      They take great pleasure in fools�察�and as it is thought a base and 


      unbecoming thing to use them ill�察�so they do not think it amiss 


      for people to divert themselves with their folly�此�and�察�in their 


      opinion�察�this is a great advantage to the fools themselves�此�for if 


      men were so sullen and severe as not at all to please themselves 


      with their ridiculous behavior and foolish sayings�察�which is all 


      that they can do to recommend themselves to others�察�it could not 


      be expected that they would be so well provided for�察�nor so 


      tenderly used as they must otherwise be。 If any man should 


      reproach another for his being misshaped or imperfect in any part 


      of his body�察�it would not at all be thought a reflection on the 


      person so treated�察�but it would be accounted scandalous in him 


      that had upbraided another with what he could not help。 It is 


      thought a sign of a sluggish and sordid mind not to preserve 


      carefully one's natural beauty�察�but it is likewise infamous among 


      them to use paint。 They all see that no beauty recommends a wife 


      so much to her husband as the probity of her life�察�and her 


      obedience�此�for as some few are caught and held only by beauty�察�so 


      all are attracted by the other excellences which charm all the 


      world。





      As they fright men from committing crimes by punishments�察�so they 


      invite them to the love of virtue by public honors�此�therefore they 


      erect statues to the memories of such worthy men as have deserved 


      well of their country�察�and set these in their market´places�察�both 


      to perpetuate the remembrance of their actions�察�and to be an 


      incitement to their posterity to follow their example。





      If any man aspires to any office�察�he is sure never to compass it�此�


      they all live easily together�察�for none of the magistrates are 


      either insolent or cruel to the people�此�they affect rather to be 


      called fathers�察�and by being really so�察�they well deserve the 


      name�察�and the people pay them all the marks of honor the more 


      freely�察�because none are exacted from them。 The Prince himself has 


      no distinction�察�either of garments or of a crown�察�but is only 


      distinguished by a sheaf of corn carried before him�察�as the high´


      priest is also known by his being preceded by a person carrying a 


      wax light。





      They have but few laws�察�and such is their constitution that they 


      need not many。 They very much condemn other nations�察�whose laws�察�


      together with the commentaries on them�察�swell up to so many 


      volumes�察�for they think it an unreasonable thing to oblige men to 


      obey a body of laws that are both of such a bulk and so dark as 


      not to be read and understood by every one of the subjects。





      They have no lawyers among them�察�for they consider them as a sort 


      of people whose profession it is to disguise matters and to wrest 


      the laws�察�and therefore they think it is much better that every 


      man should plead his own cause�察�and trust it to the judge�察�as in 


      other places the client trusts it to a counsellor。 By this means 


      they both cut off many delays�察�and find out truth more certainly�此�


      for after the parties have laid open the merits of the cause�察�


      without those artifices which lawyers are apt to suggest�察�the 


      judge examines the whole matter�察�and supports the simplicity of 


      such well´meaning persons�察�whom otherwise crafty men would be sure 


      to run down�此�and thus they avoid those evils which appear very 


      remarkably among all those nations that labor under a vast load of 


      laws。 Every one of them is skilled in their law�察�for as it is a 


      very short study�察�so the plainest meaning of which words are 


      capable is always the sense of their laws。 And they argue thus�此�


      all laws are promulgated for this end�察�that every man may know his 


      duty�察�and therefore the plainest and most obvious sense of the 


      words is that which ought to be put upon them�察�since a more 


      refined exposition cannot be easily comprehended�察�and would only 


      serve to make the laws become useless to the greater part of 


      mankind�察�and especially to those who need most the direction of 


      them�此�for it is all one�察�not to make a law at all�察�or to couch it 


      in such terms that without a quick apprehension�察�and much study�察�a 


      man cannot find out the true meaning of it�察�since the generality 


      of mankind are both so dull and so much employed in their several 


      trades that they have neither the leisure nor the capacity 


      requisite for such an inquiry。





      Some of their neighbors�察�who are masters of their own liberties�察�


      having long ago�察�by the assistance of the Utopians�察�shaken off the 


      yoke of tyranny�察�and being much taken with those virtues which 


      they observe among them�察�have come to desire that they would send 


      magistrates to govern them�察�some changing them every year�察�and 


      others every five years。 At the end of their government they bring 


      them back to Utopia�察�with great expressions of honor and esteem�察�


      and carry away others to govern in their stead。 In this they seem 


      to have fallen upon a very good expedient for their own happiness 


      and safety�察�for since the good or ill condition of a nation 


      depends so much upon their magistrates�察�they could not have made a 


      better choice than by pitching on men whom no advantages can bias�察�


      for wealth is of no use to them�察�since they must so soon go back 


      to their own country�察�and they being strangers among them�察�are not 


      engaged in any of their heats or animosities�察�and it is certain 


      that when public judicatories are swayed�察�either by avarice or 


      partial affections�察�there must follow a dissolution of justice�察�


      the chief sinew of society。





      The Utopians call those nations that come and ask magistrates from 


      them�察�neighbors�察�but those to whom they have been of more 


      particular service�察�friends。 And as all other nations are 


      perpetually either making leagues or breaking them�察�they never 


      enter into an alliance with any State。 They think leagues are 


      useless things�察�and believe that if the common ties of humanity do 


      not knit men together�察�the faith of promises will have no great 


      effect�察�and they are the more confirmed in this by what they see 


      among the nations round about them�察�who are no strict observers of 


      leagues and treaties。 We know how religiously they are observed in 


      Europe�察�more particularly where the Christian doctrine is 


      received�察�among whom they are sacred and inviolable�察�which is 


      partly owing to the justice and goodness of the princes 


      themselves�察�and partly to the reverence they pay to the popes�察�who 


      as they are most religious observers of their own promises�察�so 


      they exhort all other princes to perform theirs�察�and when fainter 


      methods do not prevail�察�they compel them to it by the severity of 


      the pastoral censure�察�and think that it would be the most indecent 


      thing possible if men who are particularly distinguished by the 


      title of the ;faithful; should not religiously keep the faith of 


      their treaties。 But in that newfound world�察�which is not more 


      distant from us in situation than the people are in their manners 


      and course of life�察�there is no trusting to leagues�察�even though 


      they were made with all the pomp of the most sacred ceremonies�察�on 


      the contrary�察�they are on this account the sooner broken�察�some 


      slight pretence being found in the words of the treaties�察�which 


      are purposely couched in such ambiguous terms that they can never 


      be so strictly bound but they will always find some loophole to 


      escape at�察�and thus they break both their leagues and their faith。 


      And this is done with such impudence�察�that those very men who 


      value themselves on having suggested these expedients to their 


      princes�察�would with a haughty scorn declaim against such craft�察�


      or�察�to speak plainer�察�such fraud and deceit�察�if they found private 


      men make use of it in their bargains�察�and would readily say that 


      they deserved to be hanged。





      By this means it is�察�that all sorts of justice passes in the world 


      for a low´spirited and vulgar virtue�察�far below the dignity of 


      royal greatness。 Or at least�察�there are set up two sorts of 


      justice�察�the one is mean�察�and creeps on the ground�察�and therefore 


      becomes none but the lower part of mankind�察�and so must be kept in 


      severely by many restraints that it may not break out beyond the 


      bounds that are set to it。 The other is the peculiar virtue of 


      princes�察�which as it is more majestic than that which becomes the 


      rabble�察�so takes a freer compass�察�and thus lawful and unlawful are 


      only measured by pleasure and interest。 These practices of the 


      princes that lie about Utopia�察�who make so little account of their 


      faith�察�seem to be the rea

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