the origin and nature of emotions-第8部分

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sponds　in　action　as　a　whole　and　to　but　one　stimulus　at　a　time。　The　integration　of　the　individual　as　a　whole　occurs　not　alone　in　injury　and　fear；　but　also；　though　not　so　markedly；　as　a　result　of　other　phylogenetic　associations；　such　as　those　of　the　chase　and　procreation。　When　adequate　stimuli　are　repeated　with　such　rapidity　that　the　new　stimulus　is　received　before　the　effect　of　the　previous　one　has　worn　off；　a　higher　maximum　effect　is　produced　than　is　possible　under　a　single　stimulus；　however　powerful。

Sexual　receptors　are　implanted　in　the　body　by　natural　selection；　and　the　adequate　stimuli　excite　the　nerve…muscular　reactions　of　conjugation　in　a　manner　analogous　to　the　action　of　the　adequate　stimuli　of　the　nociceptors。　　The　specific　response　of　either　the　sexual　receptors　or　the　nociceptors　is　at　the　expense　of　the　total　amount　of　nervous　energy　available　at　the　moment。　Likewise　in　daily　labor；　which；　in　the　language　of　evolution；　is　the　chase；　nervous　energy　is　expended。　　Under　the　dominance　of　fear　or　injury；　however；　the　integration　is　most　nearly　absolute　and　probably　every　expenditure　of　nervous　energy　which　is　not　required　for　efforts　toward　self…preservation　is　arrested；　hence　fear　and　injury　drain　the　cup　of　energy　to　the　dregs。　This　is　the　potential　difference　between　fear　and　desire；　between　injury　and　conjugation。

What　is　the　practical　application　of　this？　　In　operative　surgery　there　is　introduced　a　new　principle；　which　removes　from　surgery　much　of　the　immediate　risk　from　its　trauma　by　establishing　ANOCI…ASSOCIATION；　it　places　certain　of　the　phenomena　of　fear　on　a　physical　basis；　it　explains　to　us　the　physical　basis　for　the　impairment　of　the　entire　individual　under　worry　or　misfortune；　it　makes　evident　the　physical　results　of　the　daily　noci…associations　experienced　by　the　individual　as　a　social　unit。　　On　the　other　hand；　it　explains　the　power　of　therapeutic　suggestion　and　of　other　influences　which　serve　for　the　time　to　change　the　noci…integration；　it　shows　the　physical　basis　for　the　difference　between　hope　and　despair；　it　explains　some　of　the　phenomena　of　Graves'　disease；　of　sexual　neurasthenia；　possibly　of　hay…fever　and　of　the　common　cold。　　The　principle　is　probably　equally　applicable　to　the　acute　infections；　in　each　of　which　chemical　noci…association　gives　rise　to　many　of　the　phenomena　of　the　disease　and　it　explains　their　cure　by　natural　immunity　and　by　vaccines。　This　hypothesis　should　teach　us　to　view　our　patients　as　a　whole；　and　especially　should　it　teach　the　surgeon　gentleness。　　It　should　teach　us　that　there　is　something　more　in　surgery　than　mechanics；　and　something　more　in　medicine　than　physical　diagnosis　and　drugs。


Conclusion


The　brain…cells　have　existed　for　eons　and；　amid　the　vicissitudes　of　change；　they　have　persisted　with　perhaps　less　alteration　than　has　the　crust　of　the　earth。　　Whether　in　man　or　in　the　lower　animals；　they　are　related　to　and　obey　the　same　general　biologic　laws；　thus　being　bound　to　the　entire　past　and　performing　their　function　in　accordance　with　the　law　of　phylogenetic　association。

For　so　long　a　time　have　we　directed　our　attention　to　tumors；　infections；　and　injuries　that　we　have　not　sufficiently　considered　the　vital　force　itself。　　We　have　viewed　each　anatomic　and　pathologic　part　as　an　entity　and　man　as　an　isolated　phenomenon　in　nature。　May　we　not　find　in　the　laws　of　adaptation　under　natural　selection；　and　of　phylogenetic　association；　the　master　key　that　will　disclose　to　us　the　explanation　of　many　pathologic　phenomena　as　they　have　already　explained　many　normal　phenomena？

And　may　medicine　not　correlate　the　pathologic　phenomena　of　the　sick　man　with　the　forces　of　evolution；　as　the　naturalists　have　correlated　the　phenomena　of　the　sound　man；　and　thus　may　not　disease；　as　well　as　health；　be　given　its　evolutionary　setting？



PHYLOGENETIC　ASSOCIATION　IN　RELATION　TO　THE　EMOTIONS＇*＇


＇*＇　Address　before　the　American　Philosophical　Society；　Philadelphia；　April　22；　1911。


The　surgeon　is　familiar　with　the　manifestations　of　every　variety　of　the　human　emotions　in　the　various　stations　of　life；　from　infancy　to　senility；　in　health　and　in　disease。　　Not　only　does　he　come　into　intimate　contact　with　the　emotions　displayed　by　the　victims　of　disease　and　of　accidents；　but　he　also　observes　those　manifested　by　the　relatives　and　friends　of　the　families　of　his　patients。　Moreover；　he　is　unhappily　forced　to　notice　the　emotional　effect　upon　himself　when　he　is　waging　an　unequal　battle　against　death　the　strain　and　worry　at　a　crisis；　when　a　life　is　in　the　balance　and　a　single　false　move　may　be　fatal；　is　an　experience　known　only　to　the　operating　surgeon。

For　the　data　for　this　paper；　therefore；　in　which　I　shall　for　the　most　part　limit　my　discussion　to　the　strongest　of　all　emotionsFEARI　have　drawn　largely　from　my　personal　experience　as　a　surgeon；　as　well　as　from　an　experimental　research　in　which　I　have　had　the　valuable　assistance　of　my　associates；　Dr。　H。　G。　Sloan；　Dr。　J。　B。　Austin；　and　Dr。　M。　L。　Menten。

I　believe　it　can　be　shown　that　it　is　possible　to　elicit　the　emotion　of　fear　only　in　those　animals　that　utilize　a　motor　mechanism　in　defense　against　danger　or　in　escape　from　it。　　For　example；　the　defense　of　the　skunk　is　a　diabolic　odor　which　repels　its　enemies；　the　skunk　has　no　adequate　equipment　for　defense　or　escape　by　muscular　exertion；　and　the　skunk　therefore　shows　little　or　no　fear。　Again；　certain　species　of　snakes　are　protected　by　venom；　they　possess　no　other　means　of　defense　nor　have　they　adequate　motor　mechanisms　for　escape　and　they　show　no　fear。　　Because　of　their　strength　other　animals；　such　as　the　lion；　the　grizzly　bear；　and　the　elephant；　show　but　little　fear　（Fig。　6）。　Animals　which　have　an　armored　protection；　such　as　the　turtle；　show　little　fear。　It　is；　therefore；　obvious　that　fear　is　not　universal　and　that　the　emotion　of　fear　is　felt　only　by　those　animals　whose　self…preservation　is　dependent　upon　an　uncertain　adequacy　of　their　power　of　muscular　exertion　either　for　defense　or　for　flight　（Fig。　7）。

What　are　the　principal　phenomena　of　fear？　　They　are　palpitation　of　the　heart；　acceleration　of　the　rate　and　alteration　of　the　rhythm　of　the　respiration；　cold　sweat；　rise　in　body　temperature；　tremor；　pallor；　erection　of　the　hair；　suspension　of　the　principal　functions　of　digestion；　muscular　relaxation；　and　staring　of　the　eyes　（Fig。　12）。　The　functions　of　the　brain　are　wholly　suspended　except　those　which　relate　to　the　self…protective　response　against　the　feared　object。　Neither　the　brain　nor　any　other　organ　of　the　body　can　respond　to　any　other　lesser　stimulus　during　the　dominance　of　fear。

From　these　premises　it　would　appear　that　under　the　influence　of　fear；　most；　perhaps　all；　of　the　organs　of　the　body　are　divided　sharply　into　two　classes：　　First；　those　that　are　stimulated；　and；　second；　those　that　are　inhibited。　　Those　that　are　stimulated　are　the　entire　muscular　system；　the　vasomotor　and　locomotor　systems；　the　senses　of　perception；　the　respiration；　the　mechanism　for　erecting　the　hair；　the　sweat…glands；　the　thyroid　gland；　the　adrenal　gland　（Cannon）；　and　the　special　senses。　　On　the　other　hand；　all　the　digestive　and　procreative　functions　are　inhibited。　What　is　the　significance　of　this　stimulation　of　some　and　inhibition　of　other　organs？　　As　far　as　we　know；　the　stimulated　organs　increase　the　efficiency　of　the　animal　for　fight　or　for　flight。　It　is　through　skeletal　muscles　that　the　physical　attack　or　escape　is　effected；　these　muscles　alone　energize　the　claws；　the　teeth；　the　hoofs；　and　the　means　for　flight。　　The　increased　action　of　the　muscles　of　the　heart　and　the　blood…vessels　increases　the　efficiency　of　the　circulation；　the　secretion　of　the　adrenal　gland　causes　a　rise　in　the　blood…pressure；　the　increased　action　of　the　thyroid　gland　causes　an　increased　metabolic　activity；　there　is　evidence　that　glycogen　is　actively　called　out；　this　being　the　most　immediately　available　substance　for　the　production　of　energy；　the　increased　activity　of　the　respiration　is　needed　to　supply　the　greater　need　of　oxygen　and　the　elimination　of　the　increased　amount　of　waste　products；　the　dilatation　of　the　nostrils　affords　a　freer　intake　of　air；　the　increased　activity　of　the　sweat…glands　is　needed　to　regulate　the　temperature　of　the　body　which　the　increased　metabolism　causes　to　rise。　The　activity　of　all　the　organs　of　perceptionsight；　hearing；　smell　is　increased　in　order　that　the　danger　may　be　more　accurately　perceived。　It　cannot　be　a　mere　coincidence　that　the　organs　and　the　tissues　that　are　stimulated　in　the　emotion　of　fear　are　precisely　those　that　are　actually　utilized　in　a　physical　struggle　for　self…preservation。

Are　any　other　organs　stimulated　by　fear　except　those　that　can　or　that　do　assist　in　making　a　defensive　struggle？　　I　know　of　none。　On　the　other　hand；　if　an　animal　could　dispense　with　his　bulky　digestive　organs；　whose　functions　are　suspended　by　fear；　if　he　could；　so　to　speak；　clear　his　decks　for　battle；　it　would　be　to　his　advantage。　Although　the　marvelous　versatility　of　natural　selection　apparently　could　devise　no　means　of　affording　this　advantage；　it　nevertheless　shut　off　the　nervous　current　and　saved　the　vital　force　which　is　ordinarily　consumed　by　these　non…combatants　in　the　performance　of　their　functions。　Whatever　may　be　the　origin　of　fear；　its　phenomena　are　due　to　a　stimulation　of　all　the　organs　and　tissues　that　add　to　the　efficiency　of　the　physical　struggle　for　self…preservation　and　an　inhibition　of　the　func…


｛illust。　caption　=　FIG。　　19THE　BROAD　JUMP。　　Note　the　similarity　of　the　expression　to　the　facial　expression　of　fear　and　of　anger　（Figs。　12　and　21）。　（Wm。　J。　Brownlow；　drawn　from　photo。）　tions　of　the　leading　organs　that　do　not　participate　in　that　struggle　the　non…combatants；　so　to　speak。　　Fear　arose　from　injury；　and　is　one　of　the　oldest　and　surely　the　strongest　emotion。　By　the　slow　process　of　vast　empiricism　nature　has　evolved　the　wonderful　defensive　motor　me…chanism　of　many　animals　and　of　man。　The　stimulation　of　this　mechanism　leading　to　a　physical　struggle　is　action；　and　the　stimulation　of　this　mechanism　without　action　is　emotion。　We　may　say；　therefore；　that　fear　is　a　PHYLOGENETIC　FIGHT　OR　FLIGHT　（Fig。　18）。　On　this　hypothesis　all　the　organs　and　parts　｛illust。　caption　=　FIG。　　20。…FINISH　OF　RELAY　RACE。

Compare　the　facia