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     ��55�А�e。g。 Alcibiades。 

     Well ��the youth replied�� if I am not even right in praising happiness�察�I 

must   confess   I   know   not   for   what   one   ought   to   supplicate   the   gods   in 

prayer。��56�А�

     ��56�А�See above for Socrates' own form of supplication。 

     Nay�察  �these   are   matters   ��proceeded   Socrates��   which   perhaps�察  �through 

excessive     confidence      in  your   knowledge      of  them�察  �you    have   failed   to 

examine   into�察  �but   since   the   state�察  �which   you   are   preparing   yourself   to 

direct�察   �is  democratically     constituted�撮�57�А    �of  course    you   know     what    a 

democracy is。 

     ��57�А�Or�察 �popularly governed。; 

     Euth。 I presume I do�察�decidedly。 

     Soc。 Well�察�now�察�is it possible to know what a popular state is without 

knowing who the people are�拭�

     Euth。 Certainly not。 

     Soc。 And whom do you consider to be the people�拭�



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     Euth。 The poor citizens�察�I should say。 

     Soc。 Then you know who the poor are�察�of course�拭�

     Euth。 Of course I do。 

     Soc。 I presume you also know who the rich are�拭�

     Euth。 As certainly as I know who are the poor。 

     Soc。 Whom do you understand by poor and rich�拭�

     Euth。   By   poor   I   mean   those   who   have   not   enough   to   pay   for   their 

necessaries�撮�58�А�and   by  rich   those   who have  more   means   than sufficient 

for all their needs。 

     ��58�А  �Al。   ;who   cannot   contribute   their   necessary   quota   to   the   taxes 

��according to the census��。; 

     Soc。 Have you noticed that some who possess a mere pittance not only 

find this sufficient�察�but actually succeed in getting a surplus out of it�察�while 

others do not find a large fortune large enough�拭�

     I  have�察   �most   certainly�察  �and    I  thank   you   for  the  reminder     ��replied 

Euthydemus��。 One has heard of crowned heads and despotic rulers being 

driven by want to commit misdeeds like the veriest paupers。 

     Then�察�if that is how matters stand ��continued Socrates���察�we must class 

these same crowned heads with the commonalty�察�and some possessors of 

scant fortunes�察�provided they are good economists�察�with the wealthy�拭�

     Then Euthydemus�此�It is the poverty of my own wit which forces me to 

this admission。 I bethink me it is high time to keep silence altogether�察�a 

little more�察�and I shall be proved to know absolutely nothing。 And so he 

went   away  crestfallen�察  �in   an   agony   of   self´   contempt�察  �persuaded   that   he 

was verily and indeed no better than a slave。 

     Amongst   those   who   were   reduced   to   a   like   condition   by   Socrates�察�

many refused to come near him again�察�whom he for his part looked upon 

as dolts and dullards。��59�А�But Euthydemus had the wit to understand that�察�

in order   to   become   worthy  of   account�察  �his best plan   was   to   associate as 

much   as   possible   with   Socrates�察  �and   from   that   moment�察  �save   for   some 

necessity�察  �he   never   left   himin   some   points   even   imitating   him   in   his 

habits and pursuits。 Socrates�察�on his side�察�seeing that this was the young 

man's disposition�察�disturbed   him  as   little as   possible�察 �but in the  simplest 



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and   plainest   manner   initiated   him   into   everything   which   he   held   to   be 

needful to know or important to practise。 

     ��59�А  �Or�察   �as   people   of   dull   intelligence   and   sluggish   temperament。; 

Cf。 Plat。 ;Gorg。; 488 A。 



                                                III 



     It may be inferred that Socrates was in no hurry for those who were 

with   him   to   discover   capacities   for   speech   and   action   or   as   inventive 

geniuses�撮�1�А�without at any rate a well´laid foundation of self´ control。��2�А�

For those who possessed such abilities without these same saving virtues 

would�察    �he   believed�察    �only   become      worse    men    with    greater   power     for 

mischief。 His first object was to instil into those who were with him a wise 

spirit   in   their   relation   to   the   gods。��3�А  �That   such   was   the   tenor   of   his 

conversation   in   dealing   with   men   may   be   seen   from   the   narratives   of 

others who were present on some particular occasion。��4�А�I confine myself 

to a particular discussion with Euthydemus at which I was present。 

     ��1�А  �Or�察   �as   speakers;   ��see   ch。   vi。   below���察   �and   men   of   action;   ��see 

ch。 v。 below���察 �or as masters of invention; ��see ch。 vii。 below��。 

     ��2�А  �Or�察   �but   as   prior   to   those   excellences   must   be   engrafted   in   them 

��sophrosune�� ��the virtues of temperance and sanity of soul��。; 

     ��3�А�Lit。 ;His first object and endeavour was to make those who were 

with him ��sophronas�� ��sound of soul�� as regards the gods。; 

     ��4�А   �Reading      after   Herbst�察   �Cobet�察    �etc。�察 。�diegountai���察     �or   if  vulg。 

��diegounto���察�translate�察 �from the current accounts penned during                            his 

lifetime by the other witnesses。; For ��alloi�� see K。 Joel�察�op。                         cit。 pp。 

15�察�23�察�above�察 �Mem。; I。 iv。 1。 

     Socrates      said�今�5�А  �Tell   me�察  �Euthydemus�察       �has   it  ever  struck    you   to 

observe what tender pains the gods have taken to furnish man with all his 

needs�拭�

     ��5�А  �For   the   subject   matter   of   this   ;teleological;   chapter�察  �see   above�察�

I。   iv。�察  �K。   Joel�察  �op。   cit。 Appendix�察  �p。   547   foll。   in   ref。   to Dummler's 



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views。 

     Euth。 No indeed�察�I cannot say that it has ever struck me。 

     Well ��Socrates cotinued���察�you do not need to be reminded that�察�in the 

first place�察�we need light�察�and with light the gods supply us。 

     Euth。 Most true�察�and if we had not got it we should�察�as far as our own 

eyes could help us�察�be like men born blind。 

     Soc。    And    then�察  �again�察  �seeing   that   we   stand   in   need   of  rest   and 

relaxation�察�they bestow upon us ;the blessed balm of silent night。;��6�А�

     ��6�А。�kalliston anapauterion��。 The diction throughout is ;poetical。; 

     Yes ��he answered���察�we are much beholden for that boon。 

     Soc。 Then�察�forasmuch as the sun in his splendour makes manifest to us 

the hours of the day and bathes all things in brightness�察�but anon night in 

her   darkness   obliterates   distinctions�察  �have   they   not   displayed   aloft   the 

starry orbs�察�which inform us of the watches of the night�察�whereby we can 

accomplish many of our needs�殖�7�А�

     ��7�А  �e。g。   for   temple   orientation   see   Dr。   Penrose   quoted   by   Norman 

Lockyer�察 �Nature�察─�August 31。 1893。 

     It is so ��he answered��。 

     Soc。 And let us not forget that the moon herself not only makes clear 

to us the quarters of the night�察�but of the month also�拭�

     Certainly ��he answered��。 

     Soc。 And   what   of   this�此  �that   whereas   we   need   nutriment�察  �this   too   the 

heavenly powers yield us�拭�Out of earth's bosom they cause good to spring 

up��8�А�for our benefit�察�and   for our benefit provide   appropriate seasons   to 

furnish us in turn not only with the many and diverse objects of need�察�but 

with the sources also of our joy and gladness�殖�9�А�

     ��8�А�Cf。 Plat。 ;Laws�察─�747 D。 

     ��9�А�Or�察 �pleasure。; 

     Yes ��he answered earerly���察�these things bear token truly to a love for 

man。��10�А�

     ��10�А�Cf。 Plat。 ;Laws�察─�713 D�察 �Symp。; 189 D。 ;These things are signs 

of a beneficient regard for man。; 

     Soc。   Well�察  �and   what   of   another   priceless   gift�察  �that   of   water�察  �which 



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conspires with earth and the seasons to give both birth and increase to all 

things   useful   to   us�察  �nay�察  �which   helps   to   nurture   our   very   selves�察  �and 

commingling        with    all  that  feeds   us�察 �renders    it  more    digestible�察  �more 

wholesome�察�and more pleasant to the taste�察�and mark you in proportion to 

the abundance of our need the superabundance of its supply。 What say you 

concerning such a boon�拭�

     Euth。 In this again I see a sign of providential care。 

     Soc。 And then the fact that the same heavenly power has provided us 

with   fire��11��our   assistant   against   cold�察  �our   auxiliary   in   darkness�察  �our 

fellow´workman in every art and every instrument which for the sake of 

its utility mortal man may invent or furnish himself withal。 What of this�察�

since�察�to put it compendiously�察�there is nothing serviceable to the life of 

man worth speaking of but owes its fabrication to fire�殖�12�А�

     ��11�А  �Lit。   ;and   then   the   fact   that   they   made   provision   for   us   of   even 

fire;�察   �the   credit   of   this  boon�察    �according     to   Hesiod�察    �being    due   to 

Prometheus。 

     ��12�А�Or�察 �no life´aiding appliance worthy of the name。; 

     Euth。 Yes�察�a transcendent instance of benevolent design。��13�А�

     ��13�А  �Or�察   �Yes�察  �that   may   be   called   an   extreme   instance   of   the   divine 

'philanthropy。'; Cf。 Cic。 ;de N。 D。; ii。 62。 

     Soc。 Again�察  �consider   the   motions   of   the   Sun�撮�14�А  �how   when   he   has 

turned him about in winter��15�А�he again draws nigh to us�察�ripening some 

fruits�察�and causing others whose time is past to dry up�察�how when he has 

fulfilled his work he comes no closer�察�but turns away as if in fear to scorch 

us to our hurt unduly�察�and again�察�when he has reach

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