the memorabilia(射廷瞳)-及39何蛍
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��55�А�e。g。 Alcibiades。
Well ��the youth replied�� if I am not even right in praising happiness�察�I
must confess I know not for what one ought to supplicate the gods in
prayer。��56�А�
��56�А�See above for Socrates' own form of supplication。
Nay�察 �these are matters ��proceeded Socrates�� which perhaps�察 �through
excessive confidence in your knowledge of them�察 �you have failed to
examine into�察 �but since the state�察 �which you are preparing yourself to
direct�察 �is democratically constituted�撮�57�А �of course you know what a
democracy is。
��57�А�Or�察 �popularly governed。;
Euth。 I presume I do�察�decidedly。
Soc。 Well�察�now�察�is it possible to know what a popular state is without
knowing who the people are�拭�
Euth。 Certainly not。
Soc。 And whom do you consider to be the people�拭�
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Euth。 The poor citizens�察�I should say。
Soc。 Then you know who the poor are�察�of course�拭�
Euth。 Of course I do。
Soc。 I presume you also know who the rich are�拭�
Euth。 As certainly as I know who are the poor。
Soc。 Whom do you understand by poor and rich�拭�
Euth。 By poor I mean those who have not enough to pay for their
necessaries�撮�58�А�and by rich those who have more means than sufficient
for all their needs。
��58�А �Al。 ;who cannot contribute their necessary quota to the taxes
��according to the census��。;
Soc。 Have you noticed that some who possess a mere pittance not only
find this sufficient�察�but actually succeed in getting a surplus out of it�察�while
others do not find a large fortune large enough�拭�
I have�察 �most certainly�察 �and I thank you for the reminder ��replied
Euthydemus��。 One has heard of crowned heads and despotic rulers being
driven by want to commit misdeeds like the veriest paupers。
Then�察�if that is how matters stand ��continued Socrates���察�we must class
these same crowned heads with the commonalty�察�and some possessors of
scant fortunes�察�provided they are good economists�察�with the wealthy�拭�
Then Euthydemus�此�It is the poverty of my own wit which forces me to
this admission。 I bethink me it is high time to keep silence altogether�察�a
little more�察�and I shall be proved to know absolutely nothing。 And so he
went away crestfallen�察 �in an agony of self´ contempt�察 �persuaded that he
was verily and indeed no better than a slave。
Amongst those who were reduced to a like condition by Socrates�察�
many refused to come near him again�察�whom he for his part looked upon
as dolts and dullards。��59�А�But Euthydemus had the wit to understand that�察�
in order to become worthy of account�察 �his best plan was to associate as
much as possible with Socrates�察 �and from that moment�察 �save for some
necessity�察 �he never left himin some points even imitating him in his
habits and pursuits。 Socrates�察�on his side�察�seeing that this was the young
man's disposition�察�disturbed him as little as possible�察 �but in the simplest
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and plainest manner initiated him into everything which he held to be
needful to know or important to practise。
��59�А �Or�察 �as people of dull intelligence and sluggish temperament。;
Cf。 Plat。 ;Gorg。; 488 A。
III
It may be inferred that Socrates was in no hurry for those who were
with him to discover capacities for speech and action or as inventive
geniuses�撮�1�А�without at any rate a well´laid foundation of self´ control。��2�А�
For those who possessed such abilities without these same saving virtues
would�察 �he believed�察 �only become worse men with greater power for
mischief。 His first object was to instil into those who were with him a wise
spirit in their relation to the gods。��3�А �That such was the tenor of his
conversation in dealing with men may be seen from the narratives of
others who were present on some particular occasion。��4�А�I confine myself
to a particular discussion with Euthydemus at which I was present。
��1�А �Or�察 �as speakers; ��see ch。 vi。 below���察 �and men of action; ��see
ch。 v。 below���察 �or as masters of invention; ��see ch。 vii。 below��。
��2�А �Or�察 �but as prior to those excellences must be engrafted in them
��sophrosune�� ��the virtues of temperance and sanity of soul��。;
��3�А�Lit。 ;His first object and endeavour was to make those who were
with him ��sophronas�� ��sound of soul�� as regards the gods。;
��4�А �Reading after Herbst�察 �Cobet�察 �etc。�察 。�diegountai���察 �or if vulg。
��diegounto���察�translate�察 �from the current accounts penned during his
lifetime by the other witnesses。; For ��alloi�� see K。 Joel�察�op。 cit。 pp。
15�察�23�察�above�察 �Mem。; I。 iv。 1。
Socrates said�今�5�А �Tell me�察 �Euthydemus�察 �has it ever struck you to
observe what tender pains the gods have taken to furnish man with all his
needs�拭�
��5�А �For the subject matter of this ;teleological; chapter�察 �see above�察�
I。 iv。�察 �K。 Joel�察 �op。 cit。 Appendix�察 �p。 547 foll。 in ref。 to Dummler's
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views。
Euth。 No indeed�察�I cannot say that it has ever struck me。
Well ��Socrates cotinued���察�you do not need to be reminded that�察�in the
first place�察�we need light�察�and with light the gods supply us。
Euth。 Most true�察�and if we had not got it we should�察�as far as our own
eyes could help us�察�be like men born blind。
Soc。 And then�察 �again�察 �seeing that we stand in need of rest and
relaxation�察�they bestow upon us ;the blessed balm of silent night。;��6�А�
��6�А。�kalliston anapauterion��。 The diction throughout is ;poetical。;
Yes ��he answered���察�we are much beholden for that boon。
Soc。 Then�察�forasmuch as the sun in his splendour makes manifest to us
the hours of the day and bathes all things in brightness�察�but anon night in
her darkness obliterates distinctions�察 �have they not displayed aloft the
starry orbs�察�which inform us of the watches of the night�察�whereby we can
accomplish many of our needs�殖�7�А�
��7�А �e。g。 for temple orientation see Dr。 Penrose quoted by Norman
Lockyer�察 �Nature�察─�August 31。 1893。
It is so ��he answered��。
Soc。 And let us not forget that the moon herself not only makes clear
to us the quarters of the night�察�but of the month also�拭�
Certainly ��he answered��。
Soc。 And what of this�此 �that whereas we need nutriment�察 �this too the
heavenly powers yield us�拭�Out of earth's bosom they cause good to spring
up��8�А�for our benefit�察�and for our benefit provide appropriate seasons to
furnish us in turn not only with the many and diverse objects of need�察�but
with the sources also of our joy and gladness�殖�9�А�
��8�А�Cf。 Plat。 ;Laws�察─�747 D。
��9�А�Or�察 �pleasure。;
Yes ��he answered earerly���察�these things bear token truly to a love for
man。��10�А�
��10�А�Cf。 Plat。 ;Laws�察─�713 D�察 �Symp。; 189 D。 ;These things are signs
of a beneficient regard for man。;
Soc。 Well�察 �and what of another priceless gift�察 �that of water�察 �which
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conspires with earth and the seasons to give both birth and increase to all
things useful to us�察 �nay�察 �which helps to nurture our very selves�察 �and
commingling with all that feeds us�察 �renders it more digestible�察 �more
wholesome�察�and more pleasant to the taste�察�and mark you in proportion to
the abundance of our need the superabundance of its supply。 What say you
concerning such a boon�拭�
Euth。 In this again I see a sign of providential care。
Soc。 And then the fact that the same heavenly power has provided us
with fire��11��our assistant against cold�察 �our auxiliary in darkness�察 �our
fellow´workman in every art and every instrument which for the sake of
its utility mortal man may invent or furnish himself withal。 What of this�察�
since�察�to put it compendiously�察�there is nothing serviceable to the life of
man worth speaking of but owes its fabrication to fire�殖�12�А�
��11�А �Lit。 ;and then the fact that they made provision for us of even
fire;�察 �the credit of this boon�察 �according to Hesiod�察 �being due to
Prometheus。
��12�А�Or�察 �no life´aiding appliance worthy of the name。;
Euth。 Yes�察�a transcendent instance of benevolent design。��13�А�
��13�А �Or�察 �Yes�察 �that may be called an extreme instance of the divine
'philanthropy。'; Cf。 Cic。 ;de N。 D。; ii。 62。
Soc。 Again�察 �consider the motions of the Sun�撮�14�А �how when he has
turned him about in winter��15�А�he again draws nigh to us�察�ripening some
fruits�察�and causing others whose time is past to dry up�察�how when he has
fulfilled his work he comes no closer�察�but turns away as if in fear to scorch
us to our hurt unduly�察�and again�察�when he has reach