the quaker colonies-第3部分

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hey　showed　him　some　of　their　sports　and　games　he　renewed　his　college　days　by　joining　them　in　a　jumping　match。

Then　he　started　on　journeys。　He　traveled　through　the　woods　to　New　York；　which　then　belonged　to　the　Duke　of　York；　who　had　given　him　Delaware；　he　visited　the　Long　Island　Quakers；　and　on　his　return　he　went　to　Maryland　to　meet　with　much　pomp　and　ceremony　Lord　Baltimore　and　there　discuss　with　him　the　disputed　boundary。　He　even　crossed　to　the　eastern　shore　of　the　Chesapeake　to　visit　a　Quaker　meeting　on　the　Choptank　before　winter　set　in；　and　he　describes　the　immense　migration　of　wild　pigeons　at　that　season；　and　the　ducks　which　flew　so　low　and　were　so　tame　that　the　colonists　knocked　them　down　with　sticks。

Most　of　the　winter　he　spent　at　Chester　and　wrote　to　England　in　high　spirits　of　his　journeys；　the　wonders　of　the　country；　the　abundance　of　game　and　provisions；　and　the　twenty…three　ships　which　had　arrived　so　swiftly　that　few　had　taken　longer　than　six　weeks；　and　only　three　had　been　infected　with　the　smallpox。　〃Oh　how　sweet；〃　he　says；　〃is　the　quiet　of　these　parts；　freed　from　the　anxious　and　troublesome　solicitations；　hurries　and　perplexities　of　woful　Europe。〃

As　the　weeks　and　months　passed；　ships　kept　arriving　with　more　Quakers；　far　exceeding　the　migration　to　the　Jerseys。　By　summer；　Penn　reported　that　50　sail　had　arrived　within　the　past　year；　80　houses　had　been　built　in　Philadelphia；　and　about　300　farms　had　been　laid　out　round　the　town。　It　is　supposed　that　about　8000　immigrants　had　arrived。　This　was　a　more　rapid　development　than　was　usual　in　the　colonies　of　America。　Massachusetts　and　Virginia　had　been　established　slowly　and　with　much　privation　and　suffering。　But　the　settlement　of　Philadelphia　was　like　a　summer　outing。　There　were　no　dangers；　the　hardships　were　trifling；　and　there　was　no　sickness　or　famine。　There　was　such　an　abundance　of　game　close　at　hand　that　hunger　and　famine　were　in　nowise　to　be　feared。　The　climate　was　good　and　the　Indians；　kindly　treated；　remained　friendly　for　seventy　years。

It　is　interesting　to　note　that　in　that　same　year；　1682；　in　which　Penn　and　his　friends　with　such　ease　and　comfort　founded　their　great　colony　on　the　Delaware；　the　French　explorers　and　voyageurs　from　Canada；　after　years　of　incredible　hardships；　had　traversed　the　northern　region　of　the　Great　Lakes　with　their　canoes　and　had　passed　down　the　Mississippi　to　its　mouth；　giving　to　the　whole　of　the　Great　West　the　name　of　Louisiana；　and　claiming　it　for　France。　Already　La　Salle　had　taken　his　fleet　of　canoes　down　the　Mississippi　River　and　had　placed　the　arms　of　France　on　a　post　at　its　mouth　in　April；　1682；　only　a　few　months　before　Penn　reached　his　newly　acquired　colony。　Thus　in　the　same　year　in　which　the　Quakers　established　in　Pennsylvania　their　reign　of　liberty　and　of　peace　with　the　red　men；　La　Salle　was　laying　the　foundation　of　the　western　empire　of　despotic　France；　which　seventy　years　afterwards　was　to　hurl　the　savages　upon　the　English　colonies；　to　wreck　the　Quaker　policy　of　peace；　but　to　fail　in　the　end　to　maintain　itself　against　the　free　colonies　of　England。

While　they　were　building　houses　in　Philadelphia；　the　settlers　lived　in　bark　huts　or　in　caves　dug　in　the　river　bank；　as　the　early　settlers　in　New　Jersey　across　the　river　had　lived。　Pastorius；　a　learned　German　Quaker；　who　had　come　out　with　the；　English；　placed　over　the　door　of　his　cave　the　motto；　〃Parva　domus；　sed　amica　bonis；　procul　este　profani；〃　which　much　amused　Penn　when　he　saw　it。　A　certain　Mrs。　Morris　was　much　exercised　one　day　as　to　how　she　could　provide　supper　in　the　cave　for　her　husband　who　was　working　on　the　construction　of　their　house。　But　on　returning　to　her　cave　she　found　that　her　cat　had　just　brought　in　a　fine　rabbit。　In　their　later　prosperous　years　they　had　a　picture　of　the　cat　and　the　rabbit　made　on　a　box　which　has　descended　as　a　family　heirloom。　Doubtless　there　were　preserved　many　other　interesting　reminiscences　of　the　brief　camp　life。　These　Quakers　were　all　of　the　thrifty；　industrious　type　which　had　gone　to　West　Jersey　a　few　years　before。　Men　of　means；　indeed；　among　the　Quakers　were　the　first　to　seek　refuge　from　the　fines　and　confiscations　imposed　upon　them　in　England。　They　brought　with　them　excellent　supplies　of　everything。　Many　of　the　ships　carried　the　frames　of　houses　ready　to　put　together。　But　substantial　people　of　this　sort　demanded　for　the　most　part　houses　of　brick；　with　stone　cellars。　Fortunately　both　brick　clay　and　stone　were　readily　obtainable　in　the　neighborhood；　and　whatever　may　have　been　the　case　in　other　colonies；　ships　loaded　with　brick　from　England　would　have　found　it　little　to　their　profit　to　touch　at　Philadelphia。　An　early　description　says　that　the　brick　houses　in　Philadelphia　were　modeled　on　those　of　London；　and　this　type　prevailed　for　nearly　two　hundred　years。

It　was　probably　in　June；　1683；　that　Penn　made　his　famous　treaty　with　the　Indians。　No　documentary　proof　of　the　existence　of　such　a　treaty　has　reached　us。　He　made；　indeed；　a　number　of　so…called　treaties；　which　were　really　only　purchases　of　land　involving　oral　promises　between　the　principals　to　treat　each　other　fairly。　Hundreds　of　such　treaties　have　been　made。　The　remarkable　part　about　Penn's　dealings　with　the　Indians　was　that　such　promises　as　he　made　he　kept。　The　other　Quakers；　too；　were　as　careful　as　Penn　in　their　honorable　treatment　of　the　red　men。　Quaker　families　of　farmers　and　settlers　lived　unarmed　among　them　for　generations　and；　when　absent　from　home；　left　children　in　their　care。　The　Indians；　on　their　part；　were　known　to　have　helped　white　families　with　food　in　winter　time。　Penn；　on　his　first　visit　to　the　colony；　made　a　long　journey　unarmed　among　the　Indians　as　far　as　the　Susquehanna；　saw　the　great　herds　of　elk　on　that　river；　lived　in　Indian　wigwams；　and　learned　much　of　the　language　and　customs　of　the　natives。　There　need　never　be　any　trouble　with　them；　he　said。　They　were　the　easiest　people　in　the　world　to　get　on　with　if　the　white　men　would　simply　be　just。　Penn's　fair　treatment　of　the　Indians　kept　Pennsylvania　at　peace　with　them　for　about　seventy　yearsin　fact；　from　1682　until　the　outbreak　of　the　French　and　Indian　Wars；　in　1755。　In　its　critical　period　of　growth；　Pennsylvania　was　therefore　not　at　all　harassed　or　checked　by　those　Indian　hostilities　which　were　such　a　serious　impediment　in　other　colonies。

The　two　years　of　Penn's　first　visit　were　probably　the　happiest　of　his　life。　Always　fond　of　the　country；　he　built　himself　a　fine　seat　on　the　Delaware　near　Bristol；　and　it　would　have　been　better　for　him；　and　probably　also　for　the　colony；　if　he　had　remained　there。　But　he　thought　he　had　duties　in　England：　his　family　needed　him；　he　must　defend　his　people　from　the　religious　oppression　still　prevailing；　and　Lord　Baltimore　had　gone　to　England　to　resist　him　in　the　boundary　dispute。　One　of　the　more　narrow…minded　of　his　faith　wrote　to　Penn　from　England　that　he　was　enjoying　himself　too　much　in　his　colony　and　seeking　his　own　selfish　interest。　Influenced　by　all　these　considerations；　he　returned　in　August；　1684；　and　it　was　long　before　he　saw　Pennsylvania　againnot；　indeed；　until　October；　1699；　and　then　for　only　two　years。


Chapter　III。　Life　In　Philadelphia

The　rapid　increase　of　population　and　the　growing　prosperity　in　Pennsylvania　during　the　life　of　its　founder　present　a　striking　contrast　to　the　slower　and　more　troubled　growth　of　the　other　British　colonies　in　America。　The　settlers　in　Pennsylvania　engaged　at　once　in　profitable　agriculture。　The　loam；　clay；　and　limestone　soils　on　the　Pennsylvania　tide　of　the　Delaware　produced　heavy　crops　of　grain；　as　well　as　pasture　for　cattle　and　valuable　lumber　from　its　forests。　The　Pennsylvania　settlers　were　of　a　class　particularly　skilled　in　dealing　with　the　soil。　They　apparently　encountered　none　of　the　difficulties；　due　probably　to　incompetent　farming；　which　beset　the　settlers　of　Delaware；　whose　land　was　as　good　as　that　of　the　Pennsylvania　colonists。

In　a　few　years　the　port　of　Philadelphia　was　loading　abundant　cargoes　for　England　and　the　great　West　India　trade。　After　much　experimenting　with　different　places　on　the　river；　such　as　New　Castle；　Wilmington；　Salem；　Burlington；　the　Quakers　had　at　last　found　the　right　location　for　a　great　seat　of　commerce　and　trade　that　could　serve　as　a　center　for　the　export　of　everything　from　the　region　behind　it　and　around　it。　Philadelphia　thus　soon　became　the　basis　of　a　prosperity　which　no　other　townsite　on　the　Delaware　had　been　able　to　attain。　The　Quakers　of　Philadelphia　were　the　soundest　of　financiers　and　men　of　business；　and　in　their　skillful　hands　the　natural　resources　of　their　colony　were　developed　without　setback　or　accident。　At　an　early　date　banking　institutions　were　established　in　Philadelphia；　and　the　strongest　colonial　merchants　and　mercantile　firms　had　their　offices　there。　It　was　out　of　such　a　sound　business　life　that　were　produced　in　Revolutionary　times　such　characters　as　Robert　Morris　and　after　the　Revolution　men　like　Stephen　Girard。

Pennsylvania　in　colonial　times　was　ruled　from　Philadelphia　somewhat　as　France　has　always　been　ruled　from　Paris。　And　yet　there　was　a　difference：　Pennsylvania　had　free　government。　The　Germans　and　the　Scotch…Irish　outnumbered　the　Quakers　and　could　have　controlled　the　Legislature；　for　in　1750　out　of　a　population　of　150；000　the　Quakers　were　only　about　50；000；　and　yet　the　Legislature　down　to　the　Revolution　was　always　confided　to　the　competent　hands　of　the　Quakers。　No　higher　tribute；　indeed；　has　ever　been　paid　to　any　group　of　people　as　governors　of　a　commonwealth　and　architects　of　its　finance　and　trade。

It　is　a　curious　commentary　on　the　times　and　on　human　nature　that　these　Quaker　folk；　treated　as　outcasts　and　enemies　of　good　order　and　religion　in　England　and　gradually　losing　all　their　property　in　heavy　fines　and　confiscations；　should　so　suddenly　in　the　wilderness　prove　the　capacity　of　their　〃Holy　Experiment〃　for　achieving　the　best　sort　of　good　order　and　material　success。　They　immediately　built　a　most　charming　little　town　by　the　waterside；　snug　and　pretty　with　its　red　brick　houses　in　the　best　architectural　style。　It　was　essentially　a　commercial　town　down　to　the　time　of　the　Revolution　and　long　afterwards。　The　principal　residences　were　on　Water　Street；　the　second　street　from　the　wharves。　The　town　in　thos