the quaker colonies-第6部分

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This　method　of　transporting　colonists　proved　a　profitable　trade　for　the　shipping　people；　and　was　soon　regularly　organized　like　the　modern　assisted　immigration。　Agents；　called　〃newlanders〃　and　〃soul…sellers；〃　traveled　through　Germany　working　up　the　transatlantic　traffic　by　various　devices；　some　of　them　not　altogether　creditable。　Pennsylvania　proved　to　be　the　most　attractive　region　for　these　immigrants。　Some　of　those　who　were　taken　to　other　colonies　finally　worked　their　way　to　Pennsylvania。　Practically　none　went　to　New　England；　and　very　few；　if　any；　to　Virginia。　Indeed；　only　certain　colonies　were　willing　to　admit　them。

Another　important　element　that　went　to　make　up　the　Pennsylvania　population　consisted　of　the　Scotch…Irish。　They　were　descendants　of　Scotch　and　English　Presbyterians　who　had　gone　to　Ireland　to　take　up　the　estates　of　the　Irish　rebels　confiscated　under　Queen　Elizabeth　and　James　I。　This　migration　of　Protestants　to　Ireland；　which　began　soon　after　1600；　was　encouraged　by　the　English　Government。　Towards　the　middle　of　the　seventeenth　century　the　confiscation　of　more　Irish　land　under　Cromwell's　regime　increased　the　migration　to　Ulster。　Many　English　joined　the　migration；　and　Scotch　of　the　Lowlands　who　were　largely　of　English　extraction；　although　there　were　many　Gaelic　or　Celtic　names　among　them。

These　are　the　people　usually　known　in　English　history　as　Ulstermenthe　same　who　made　such　a　heroic　defense　of　Londonderry　against　James　II；　and　the　same　who　in　modern　times　have　resisted　home　rule　in　Ireland　because　it　would　bury　them；　they　believe；　under　the　tyranny　of　their　old　enemies；　the　native　Irish　Catholic　majority。　They　were　more　thrifty　and　industrious　than　the　native　Irish　and　as　a　result　they　usually　prospered　on　the　Irish　land。　At　first　they　were　in　a　more　or　less　constant　state　of　war　with　the　native　Irish；　who　attempted　to　expel　them。　They　were　subsequently　persecuted　by　the　Church　of　England　under　Charles　I；　who　attempted　to　force　them　to　conform　to　the　English　established　religion。　Such　a　rugged　schooling　in　Ireland　made　of　them　a　very　aggressive；　hardy　people；　Protestants　of　the　Protestants；　so　accustomed　to　contests　and　warfare　that　they　accepted　it　as　the　natural　state　of　man。

These　Ulstermen　came　to　Pennsylvania　somewhat　later　than　the　first　German　sects；　and　not　many　of　them　arrived　until　some　years　after　1700。　They　were　not；　like　the　first　Germans；　attracted　to　the　colony　by　any　resemblance　of　their　religion　to　that　of　the　Quakers。　On　the　contrary　they　were　entirely　out　of　sympathy　with　the　Quakers；　except　in　the　one　point　of　religious　liberty；　and　the　Quakers　were　certainly　out　of　sympathy　with　them。　Nearly　all　the　colonies　in　America　received　a　share　of　these　settlers。　Wherever　they　went　they　usually　sought　the　frontier　and　the　wilderness；　and　by　the　time　of　the　Revolution；　they　could　be　found　upon　the　whole　colonial　frontier　from　New　Hampshire　to　Georgia。　They　were　quite　numerous　in　Virginia；　and　most　numerous　along　the　edge　of　the　Pennsylvania　wilderness。　It　was　apparently　the　liberal　laws　and　the　fertile　soil　that　drew　them　to　Pennsylvania　in　spite　of　their　contempt　for　most　of　the　Quaker　doctrines。

The　dream　of　their　life；　their　haven　of　rest；　was　for　these　Scotch…Irish　a　fertile　soil　where　they　would　find　neither　Irish　〃papists〃　nor　Church　of　England；　and　for　this　reason　in　America　they　always　sought　the　frontier　where　they　could　be　by　themselves。　They　could　not　even　get　on　well　with　the　Germans　in　Pennsylvania；　and　when　the　Germans　crowded　into　their　frontier　settlements；　quarrels　became　so　frequent　that　the　proprietors　asked　the　Ulstermen　to　move　farther　west；　a　suggestion　which　they　were　usually　quite　willing　to　accept。　At　the　close　of　the　colonial　period　in　Pennsylvania　the　Quakers；　the　Church　of　England　people；　and　the　miscellaneous　denominations　occupied　Philadelphia　and　the　region　round　it　in　a　half　circle　from　the　Delaware　River。　Outside　of　this　area　lay　another　containing　the　Germans；　and　beyond　that　were　the　Scotch…Irish。　The　principal　stronghold　of　the　Scotch…Irish　was　the　Cumberland　Valley　in　Southern　Pennsylvania　west　of　the　Susquehanna；　a　region　now　containing　the　flourishing　towns　of　Chambersburg；　Gettysburg；　Carlisle；　and　York；　where　the　descendants　of　these　early　settlers　are　still　very　numerous。　In　modern　times；　however；　they　have　spread　out　widely；　they　are　now　to　be　found　all　over　the　State；　and　they　no　longer　desire　so　strongly　to　live　by　themselves。

The　Ulstermen；　owing　to　the　circumstances　of　their　earlier　life；　had　no　sympathy　whatever　with　the　Quaker's　objection　to　war　or　with　his　desire　to　deal　fairly　with　the　Indians　and　pay　them　for　their　land。　As　Presbyterians　and　Calvinists；　they　belonged　to　one　of　the　older　and　more　conservative　divisions　of　the　Reformation。　The　Quaker's　doctrine　of　the　inward　light；　his　quietism；　contemplation；　and　advanced　ideas　were　quite　incomprehensible　to　them。　As　for　the　Indians；　they　held　that　the　Old　Testament　commands　the　destruction　of　all　the　heathen；　and　as　for　paying　the　savages　for　their　land；　it　seemed　ridiculous　to　waste　money　on　such　an　object　when　they　could　exterminate　the　natives　at　less　cost。　The　Ulstermen；　therefore；　settled　on　the　Indian　land　as　they　pleased；　or　for　that　matter　on　any　land；　and　were　continually　getting　into　difficulty　with　the　Pennsylvania　Government　no　less　than　with　the　Indians。　They　regarded　any　region　into　which　they　entered　as　constituting　a　sovereign　state。　It　was　this　feeling　of　independence　which　subsequently　prompted　them　to　organize　what　is　known　as　the　Whisky　Rebellion　when；　after　the　Revolution；　the　Federal　Government　put　a　tax　on　the　liquor　which　they　so　much　esteemed　as　a　product；　for　corn　converted　into　whisky　was　more　easily　transported　on　horses　over　mountain　trails；　and　in　that　form　fetched　a　better　price　in　the　markets。

After　the　year　1755；　when　the　Quaker　method　of　dealing　with　the　Indians　no　longer　prevailed；　the　Scotch…Irish　lived　on　the　frontier　in　a　continual　state　of　savage　warfare　which　lasted　for　the　next　forty　years。　War；　hunting　the　abundant　game；　the　deer；　buffalo；　and　elk；　and　some　agriculture　filled　the　measure　of　their　days　and　years。　They　paid　little　attention　to　the　laws　of　the　province；　which　were　difficult　to　enforce　on　the　distant　frontier；　and　they　administered　a　criminal　code　of　their　own　with　whipping　or　〃laced　jacket；〃　as　they　called　it；　as　a　punishment。　They　were　Jacks　of　all　trades；　weaving　their　own　cloth　and　making　nearly　everything　they　needed。　They　were　the　first　people　in　America　to　develop　the　use　of　the　rifle；　and　they　used　it　in　the　Back　Country　all　the　way　down　into　the　Carolinas　at　a　time　when　it　was　seldom　seen　in　the　seaboard　settlements。　In　those　days；　rifles　were　largely　manufactured　in　Lancaster；　Pennsylvania；　and　there　were　several　famous　gunsmiths　in　Philadelphia。　Some　of　the　best　of　these　old　rifles　have　been　preserved　and　are　really　beautiful　weapons；　with　delicate　hair　triggers；　gracefully　curved　stocks；　and　quaint　brass　or　even　gold　or　silver　mountings。　The　ornamentation　was　often　done　by　the　hunter　himself；　who　would　melt　a　gold　or　silver　coin　and　pour　it　into　some　design　which　he　had　carved　with　his　knife　in　the　stock。

The　Revolution　offered　an　opportunity　after　the　Ulstermen's　heart；　and　they　entered　it　with　their　entire　spirit；　as　they　had　every　other　contest　which　involved　liberty　and　independence。　In　fact；　in　that　period　they　played　such　a　conspicuous　part　that　they　almost　ruled　Philadelphia；　the　original　home　of　the　Quakers。　Since　then；　spread　out　through　the　State；　they　have　always　had　great　influence；　the　natural　result　of　their　energy；　intelligence；　and　love　of　education。

Nearly　all　these　diverse　elements　of　the　Pennsylvania　population　were　decidedly　sectional　in　character。　The　Welsh　had　a　language　of　their　own；　and　they　attempted；　though　without　success；　to　maintain　it；　as　well　as　a　government　of　their　own　within　their　barony　independent　of　the　regular　government　of　the　province。　The　Germans　were　also　extremely　sectional。　They　clung　with　better　success　to　their　own　language；　customs；　and　literature。　The　Scotch…Irish　were　so　clannish　that　they　had　ideas　of　founding　a　separate　province　on　the　Susquehanna。　Even　the　Church　of　England　people　were　so　aloof　and　partisan　that；　though　they　lived　about　Philadelphia　among　the　Quakers；　they　were　extremely　hostile　to　the　Quaker　rule　and　unremittingly　strove　to　destroy　it。

All　these　cleavages　and　divisions　in　the　population　continue　in　their　effects　to　this　day。　They　prevented　the　development　of　a　homogeneous　population。　No　exact　statistics　were　taken　of　the　numbers　of　the　different　nationalities　in　colonial　times；　but　Franklin's　estimate　is　probably　fairly　accurate；　and　his　position　in　practical　politics　gave　him　the　means　of　knowing　and　of　testing　his　calculations。　About　the　year　1750　he　estimated　the　population　as　one…third　Quaker；　one…third　German；　and　one…third　miscellaneous。　This　gave　about　50；000　or　60；000　to　each　of　the　thirds。　Provost　Smith；　of　the　newly　founded　college；　estimated　the　Quakers　at　only　about　40；000。　But　his　estimate　seems　too　low。　He　was　interested　in　making　out　their　numbers　small　because　he　was　trying　to　show　the　absurdity　of　allowing　such　a　small　band　of　fanatics　and　heretics　to　rule　a　great　province　of　the　British　Empire。　One　great　source　of　the　Quaker　power　lay　in　the　sympathy　of　the　Germans；　who　always　voted　on　their　side　and　kept　them　in　control　of　the　Legislature；　so　that　it　was　in　reality　a　case　of　two…thirds　ruling　one…third。　The　Quakers；　it　must　be　admitted；　never　lost　their　heads。　Unperturbed　through　all　the　conflicts　and　the　jarring　of　races　and　sects；　they　held　their　position　unimpaired　and　kept　the　confidence　and　support　of　the　Germans　until　the　Revolution　changed　everything。

The　varied　elements　of　population　spread　out　in　ever　widening　half　circles　from　Philadelphia　as　a　center。　There　was　nothing　in　the　character　of　the　region　to　stop　this　progress。　The　country　all　the　way　westward　to　the　Susquehanna　was　easy　hill；　dale；　and　valley；　covered　by　a　magnificent　growth　of　large　forest　treesoaks；　beeches；　poplars；　walnuts；　hickories；　and　ashwhich　rewarded　the　labor　of　felling　by　exposing　to　cultivation　a　most　fruitful　soil。

The　settlers　followed　the　old　I