pioneers of the old southwest-第2部分

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*　See　Hoyt；　〃The　Mecklenburg　Declaration　of　Independence〃；　and　〃American　Archives；〃　Fourth　Series。　vol。　II；　p。　855。


There　was　another　branch　of　the　Scottish　race　which　helped　to　people　the　Back　Country。　The　Highlanders；　whose　loyalty　to　their　oath　made　them　fight　on　the　King's　side　in　the　Revolutionary　War；　have　been　somewhat　overlooked　in　history。　Tradition；　handed　down　among　the　transplanted　clanswho；　for　the　most　part；　spoke　only　Gaelic　for　a　generation　and　wrote　nothingand　latterly　recorded　by　one　or　two　of　their　descendants；　supplies　us　with　all　we　are　now　able　to　learn　of　the　early　coming　of　the　Gaels　to　Carolina。　It　would　seem　that　their　first　immigration　to　America　in　small　bands　took　place　after　the　suppression　of　the　Jacobite　rising　in　1715when　Highlanders　fled　in　numbers　also　to　Francefor　by　1729　there　was　a　settlement　of　them　on　the　Cape　Fear　River。　We　know；　too；　that　in　1748　it　was　charged　against　Gabriel　Johnston；　Governor　of　North　Carolina　from　1734　to　1752；　that　he　had　shown　no　joy　over　the　King's　〃glorious　victory　of　Culloden〃　and　that　〃he　had　appointed　one　William　McGregor；　who　had　been　in　the　Rebellion　in　the　year　1715　a　Justice　of　the　Peace　during　the　last　Rebellion　＇1745＇　and　was　not　himself　without　suspicion　of　disaffection　to　His　Majesty's　Government。〃　It　is　indeed　possible　that　Gabriel　Johnston；　formerly　a　professor　at　St。　Andrew's　University；　had　himself　not　always　been　a　stranger　to　the　kilt。　He　induced　large　numbers　of　highlanders　to　come　to　America　and　probably　influenced　the　second　George　to　moderate　his　treatment　of　the　vanquished　Gaels　in　the　Old　Country　and　permit　their　emigration　to　the　New　World。

In　contrast　with　the　Ulstermen；　whose　secular　ideals　were　dictated　by　the　forms　of　their　Church；　these　Scots　adhered　still　to　the　tribal　or　clan　system；　although　they；　too；　in　the　majority；　were　Presbyterians；　with　a　minority　of　Roman　Catholics　and　Episcopalians。　In　the　Scotch　Highlands　they　had　occupied　small　holdings　on　the　land　under　the　sway　of　their　chief；　or　Head　of　the　Clan；　to　whom　they　were　bound　by　blood　and　fealty　but　to　whom　they　paid　no　rentals。　The　position　of　the　Head　of　the　Clan　was　hereditary；　but　no　heir　was　bold　enough　to　step　forward　into　that　position　until　he　had　performed　some　deed　of　worth。　They　were　principally　herders；　their　chief　stock　being　the　famous　small　black　cattle　of　the　Highlands。　Their　wars　with　each　other　were　cattle　raids。　Only　in　war；　however；　did　the　Gael　lay　hands　on　his　neighbor's　goods。　There　were　no　highwaymen　and　housebreakers　in　the　Highlands。　No　Highland　mansion；　cot；　or　barn　was　ever　locked。　Theft　and　the　breaking　of　an　oath；　sins　against　man's　honor；　were　held　in　such　abhorrence　that　no　one　guilty　of　them　could　remain　among　his　clansmen　in　the　beloved　glens。　These　Highlanders　were　a　race　of　tall；　robust　men；　who　lived　simply　and　frugally　and　slept　on　the　heath　among　their　flocks　in　all　weathers；　with　no　other　covering　from　rain　and　snow　than　their　plaidies。　It　is　reported　of　the　Laird　of　Keppoch；　who　was　leading　his　clan　to　war　in　winter　time；　that　his　men　were　divided　as　to　the　propriety　of　following　him　further　because　he　rolled　a　snowball　to　rest　his　head　upon　when　he　lay　down。　〃Now　we　despair　of　victory；〃　they　said；　〃since　our　leader　has　become　go　effeminate　he　cannot　sleep　without　a　pillow！〃*

*　MacLean；　〃An　Historical　Account　of　the　Settlement　of　Scotch　High。landers　in　America。〃


The　〃King's　glorious　victory　of　Culloden〃　was　followed　by　a　policy　of　extermination　carried　on　by　the　orders　and　under　the　personal　direction　of　the　Duke　of　Cumberland。　When　King　George　at　last　restrained　his　son　from　his　orgy　of　blood；　he　offered　the　Gaels　their　lives　and　exile　to　America　on　condition　of　their　taking　the　full　oath　of　allegiance。　The　majority　accepted　his　terms；　for　not　only　were　their　lives　forfeit　but　their　crops　and　cattle　had　been　destroyed　and　the　holdings　on　which　their　ancestors　had　lived　for　many　centuries　taken　from　them。　The　descriptions　of　the　scenes　attending　their　leave…taking　of　the　hills　and　glens　they　loved　with　such　passionate　fervor　are　among　the　most　pathetic　in　history。　Strong　men　who　had　met　the　ravage　of　a　brutal　sword　without　weakening　abandoned　themselves　to　the　agony　of　sorrow。　They　kissed　the　walls　of　their　houses。　They　flung　themselves　on　the　ground　and　embraced　the　sod　upon　which　they　had　walked　in　freedom。　They　called　their　broken　farewells　to　the　peaks　and　lochs　of　the　land　they　were　never　again　to　see；　and；　as　they　turned　their　backs　and　filed　down　through　the　passes；　their　pipers　played　the　dirge　for　the　dead。

Such　was　the　character；　such　the　deep　feeling；　of　the　race　which　entered　North　Carolina　from　the　coast　and　pushed　up　into　the　wilderness　about　the　headwaters　of　Cape　Fear　River。　Tradition　indicates　that　these　hillsmen　sought　the　interior　because　the　grass　and　pea　vine　which　overgrew　the　innercountry　stretching　towards　the　mountains　provided　excellent　fodder　for　the　cattle　which　some　of　the　chiefs　are　said　to　have　brought　with　them。　These　Gaelic　herders；　perhaps　in　negligible　numbers；　were　in　the　Yadkin　Valley　before　1730；　possibly　even　ten　years　earlier。　In　1739　Neil　MacNeill　of　Kintyre　brought　over　a　shipload　of　Gaels　to　rejoin　his　kinsman；　Hector　MacNeill；　called　Bluff　Hector　from　his　residence　near　the　bluffs　at　Cross　Creek；　now　Fayetteville。　Some　of　these　immigrants　went　on　to　the　Yadkin；　we　are　told；　to　unite　with　others　of　their　clan　who　had　been　for　some　time　in　that　district。　The　exact　time　of　the　first　Highlander　on　the　Yadkin　cannot　be　ascertained；　as　there　were　no　court　records　and　the　offices　of　the　land　companies　were　not　then　open　for　the　sale　of　these　remote　regions。　But　by　1753　there　were　not　less　than　four　thousand　Gaels　in　Cumberland　County；　where　they　occupied　the　chief　magisterial　posts；　and　they　were　already　spreading　over　the　lands　now　comprised　within　Moore；　Anson；　Richmond；　Robeson；　Bladen；　and　Sampson　counties。　In　these　counties　Gaelic　was　as　commonly　heard　as　English。

In　the　years　immediately　preceding　the　Revolution　and　even　in　1776　itself　they　came　in　increasing　numbers。　They　knew　nothing　of　the　smoldering　fire　just　about　to　break　into　flames　in　the　country　of　their　choice；　but　the　Royal　Governor；　Josiah　Martin；　knew　that　Highland　arms　would　soon　be　ceded　by　His　Majesty。　He　knew　something　of　Highland　honor；　too；　for　he　would　not　let　the　Gaels　proceed　after　their　landing　until　they　had　bound　themselves　by　oath　to　support　the　Government　of　King　George。　So　it　was　that　the　unfortunate　Highlanders　found　themselves；　according　too　their　strict　code　of　honor；　forced　to　wield　arms　against　the　very　Americans　who　had　received　and　befriended　themand　for　the　crowned　brother　of　a　prince　whose　name　is　execrated　to　this　day　in　Highland　song　and　story！

They　were　led　by　Allan　MacDonald　of　Kingsborough；　and　tradition　gives　us　a　stirring　picture　of　Allan's　wifethe　famous　Flora　MacDonald；　who　in　Scotland　had　protected　the　Young　Pretender　in　his　flightmaking　an　impassioned　address　in　Gaelic　to　the　Highland　soldiers　and　urging　them　on　to　die　for　honor's　sake。　When　this　Highland　force　was　conquered　by　the　Americans；　the　large　majority　willingly　bound　themselves　not　to　fight　further　against　the　American　cause　and　were　set　at　liberty。　Many　of　them　felt　that；　by　offering　their　lives　to　the　swords　of　the　Americans；　they　had　canceled　their　obligation　to　King　George　and　were　now　free　to　draw　their　swords　again　and；　this　time；　in　accordance　with　their　sympathies；　so　they　went　over　to　the　American　side　and　fought　gallantly　for　independence。


Although　the　brave　glory　of　this　pioneer　age　shines　so　brightly　on　the　Lion　Rampant　of　Caledonia；　not　to　Scots　alone　does　that　whole　glory　belong。　The　second　largest　racial　stream　which　flowed　into　the　Back　Country　of　Virginia　and　North　Carolina　was　German。　Most　of　these　Germans　went　down　from　Pennsylvania　and　were　generally　called　〃Pennsylvania　Dutch；〃　an　incorrect　rendering　of　Pennsylvanische　Deutsche。　The　upper　Shenandoah　Valley　was　settled　almost　entirely　by　Germans。　They　were　members　of　the　Lutheran；　German　Reformed；　and　Moravian　churches。　The　cause　which　sent　vast　numbers　of　this　sturdy　people　across　the　ocean；　during　the　first　years　of　the　eighteenth　century；　was　religious　persecution。　By　statute　and　by　word　the　Roman　Catholic　powers　of　Austria　sought　to　wipe　out　the　Salzburg　Lutherans　and　the　Moravian　followers　of　John　Huss。　In　that　region　of　the　Rhine　country　known　in　those　days　as　the　German　Palatinate；　now　a　part　of　Bavaria；　Protestants　were　being　massacred　by　the　troops　of　Louis　of　France；　then　engaged　in　the　War　of　the　Spanish　Succession　（1701…13）　and　in　the　zealous　effort　to　extirpate　heretics　from　the　soil　of　Europe。　In　1708；　by　proclamation；　Good　Queen　Anne　offered　protection　to　the　persecuted　Palatines　and　invited　them　to　her　dominions。　Twelve　thousand　of　them　went　to　England；　where　they　were　warmly　received　by　the　English。　But　it　was　no　slight　task　to　settle　twelve　thousand　immigrants　of　an　alien　speech　in　England　and　enable　them　to　become　independent　and　self…supporting。　A　better　solution　of　their　problem　lay　in　the　Western　World：　The　Germans　needed　homes　and　the　Queen's　overseas　dominions　needed　colonists。　They　were　settled　at　first　along　the　Hudson；　and　eventually　many　of　them　took　up　lands　in　the　fertile　valley　of　the　Mohawk。

For　fifty　years　or　more　German　and　Austrian　Protestants　poured　into　America。　In　Pennsylvania　their　influx　averaged　about　fifteen　hundred　a　year；　and　that　colony　became　the　distributing　center　for　the　German　race　in　America。　By　1727；　Adam　Muller　and　his　little　company　had　established　the　first　white　settlement　in　the　Valley　of　Virginia。　In　1732　Joist　Heydt　went　south　from　York；　Pennsylvania；　and　settled　on　the　Opequan　Creek　at　or　near　the　site　of　the　present　city　of　Winchester。

The　life　of　Count　Zinzendorf；　called　〃the　Apostle；〃　one　of　the　leaders　of　the　Moravian　immigrants；　glows　like　a　star　out　of　those　dark　and　troublous　times。　Of　high　birth　and　gentle　nurture；　he　forsook　whatever　of　ease　his　station　promised　him　and　fitted　himsclf　for　evangelical　work。　In　1741　he　visited　the　Wyoming　Valley　to　bring　his　religion　to　the　Delawares　and　Shawanoes。　He　was　not　of　those　picturesque　Captains　of　the　Lord　who　bore　their　muskets　on