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        THE CONDUCT OF LIFE

        by Ralph Waldo Emerson



 

        I

 

        FATE

 

        Delicate omens traced in air

        To the lone bard true witness bare��

        Birds with auguries on their wings

        Chanted undeceiving things

        Him to beckon�察�him to warn��

        Well might then the poet scorn

        To learn of scribe or courier

        Hints writ in vaster character��

        And on his mind�察�at dawn of day��

        Soft shadows of the evening lay。

        For the prevision is allied

        Unto the thing so signified��

        Or say�察�the foresight that awaits

        Is the same Genius that creates。

 

 

        _Fate_



        It chanced during one winter�察�a few years ago�察�that our cities

wsing the theory of the Age。  By an odd coincidence�察�four or five

noted men were each reading a discourse to the citizens of Boston or

New York�察�on the Spirit of the Times。  It so happened that the

subject had the same prominence in some remarkable pamphlets and

journals issued in London in the same season。  To me�察�however�察�the

question of the times resolved itself into a practical question of

the conduct of life。  How shall I live�拭 �We are incompetent to solve

the times。  Our geometry cannot span the huge orbits of the

prevailing ideas�察�behold their return�察�and reconcile their

opposition。  We can only obey our own polarity。  'Tis fine for us to

speculate and elect our course�察�if we must accept an irresistible

dictation。



        In our first steps to gain our wishes�察�we come upon immovable

limitations。  We are fired with the hope to reform men。  After many

experiments�察�we find that we must begin earlier�察 �at school。  But

the boys and girls are not docile�察�we can make nothing of them。  We

decide that they are not of good stock。  We must begin our reform

earlier still�察 �at generation�此�that is to say�察�there is Fate�察�or

laws of the world。



        But if there be irresistible dictation�察�this dictation

understands itself。  If we must accept Fate�察�we are not less

compelled to affirm liberty�察�the significance of the individual�察�the

grandeur of duty�察�the power of character。  This is true�察�and that

other is true。  But our geometry cannot span these extreme points��

and reconcile them。  What to do�拭 �By obeying each thought frankly�察�by

harping�察�or�察�if you will�察�pounding on each string�察�we learn at last

its power。  By the same obedience to other thoughts�察�we learn theirs��

and then comes some reasonable hope of harmonizing them。  We are

sure�察�that�察�though we know not how�察�necessity does comport with

liberty�察�the individual with the world�察�my polarity with the spirit

of the times。  The riddle of the age has for each a private solution。

If one would study his own time�察�it must be by this method of taking

up in turn each of the leading topics which belong to our scheme of

human life�察�and�察�by firmly stating all that is agreeable to

experience on one�察�and doing the same justice to the opposing facts

in the others�察�the true limitations will appear。  Any excess of

emphasis�察�on one part�察�would be corrected�察�and a just balance would

be made。



        But let us honestly state the facts。  Our America has a bad

name for superficialness。  Great men�察�great nations�察�have not been

boasters and buffoons�察�but perceivers of the terror of life�察�and have

manned themselves to face it。  The Spartan�察�embodying his religion in

his country�察�dies before its majesty without a question。  The Turk��

who believes his doom is written on the iron leaf in the moment when

he entered the world�察�rushes on the enemy's sabre with undivided

will。  The Turk�察�the Arab�察�the Persian�察�accepts the foreordained

fate。



        ;On two days�察�it steads not to run from thy grave��

                The appointed�察�and the unappointed day��

        On the first�察�neither balm nor physician can save��

                Nor thee�察�on the second�察�the Universe slay。;



        The Hindoo�察�under the wheel�察�is as firm。  Our Calvinists�察�in

the last generation�察�had something of the same dignity。  They felt

that the weight of the Universe held them down to their place。  What

could _they_ do�拭 �Wise men feel that there is something which cannot

be talked or voted away�察 �a strap or belt which girds the world。



        ;The Destiny�察�minister general��

        That executeth in the world o'er all��

        The purveyance which God hath seen beforne��

        So strong it is�察�that tho' the world had sworn

        The contrary of a thing by yea or nay��

        Yet sometime it shall fallen on a day

        That falleth not oft in a thousand year��

        For�察�certainly�察�our appetites here��

        Be it of war�察�or peace�察�or hate�察�or love��

        All this is ruled by the sight above。;

                Chaucer�此�_The Knighte's Tale。_



        The Greek Tragedy expressed the same sense�此 �Whatever is fated��

that will take place。  The great immense mind of Jove is not to be

transgressed。;



 

        Savages cling to a local god of one tribe or town。  The broad

ethics of Jesus were quickly narrowed to village theologies�察�which

preach an election or favoritism。  And�察�now and then�察�an amiable

parson�察�like Jung Stilling�察�or Robert Huntington�察�believes in a

pistareen´Providence�察�which�察�whenever the good man wants a dinner��

makes that somebody shall knock at his door�察�and leave a half´dollar。

But Nature is no sentimentalist�察 �does not cosset or pamper us。  We

must see that the world is rough and surly�察�and will not mind

drowning a man or a woman�察�but swallows your ship like a grain of

dust。  The cold�察�inconsiderate of persons�察�tingles your blood��

benumbs your feet�察�freezes a man like an apple。  The diseases�察�the

elements�察�fortune�察�gravity�察�lightning�察�respect no persons。  The way

of Providence is a little rude。  The habit of snake and spider�察�the

snap of the tiger and other leapers and bloody jumpers�察�the crackle

of the bones of his prey in the coil of the anaconda�察 �these are in

the system�察�and our habits are like theirs。  You have just dined��

and�察�however scrupulously the slaughter´house is concealed in the

graceful distance of miles�察�there is complicity�察 �expensive races��

 race living at the expense of race。  The planet is liable to

shocks from comets�察�perturbations from planets�察�rendings from

earthquake and volcano�察�alterations of climate�察�precessions of

equinoxes。  Rivers dry up by opening of the forest。  The sea changes

its bed。  Towns and counties fall into it。  At Lisbon�察�an earthquake

killed men like flies。  At Naples�察�three years ago�察�ten thousand

persons were crushed in a few minutes。  The scurvy at sea�察�the sword

of the climate in the west of Africa�察�at Cayenne�察�at Panama�察�at New

Orleans�察�cut off men like a massacre。  Our western prairie shakes

with fever and ague。  The cholera�察�the small´pox�察�have proved as

mortal to some tribes�察�as a frost to the crickets�察�which�察�having

filled the summer with noise�察�are silenced by a fall of the

temperature of one night。  Without uncovering what does not concern

us�察�or counting how many species of parasites hang on a bombyx�察�or

groping after intestinal parasites�察�or infusory biters�察�or the

obscurities of alternate generation�察 �the forms of the shark�察�the

_labrus_�察�the jaw of the sea´wolf paved with crushing teeth�察�the

weapons of the grampus�察�and other warriors hidden in the sea�察 �are

hints of ferocity in the interiors of nature。  Let us not deny it up

and down。  Providence has a wild�察�rough�察�incalculable road to its

end�察�and it is of no use to try to whitewash its huge�察�mixed

instrumentalities�察�or to dress up that terrific benefactor in a clean

shirt and white neckcloth of a student in divinity。



        Will you say�察�the disasters which threaten mankind are

exceptional�察�and one need not lay his account for cataclysms every

day�拭 �Aye�察�but what happens once�察�may happen again�察�and so long as

these strokes are not to be parried by us�察�they must be feared。



        But these shocks and ruins are less destructive to us�察�than the

stealthy power of other laws which act on us daily。  An expense of

ends to means is fate�察 �organization tyrannizing over character。

The menagerie�察�or forms and powers of the spine�察�is a book of fate��

the bill of the bird�察�the skull of the snake�察�determines tyrannically

its limits。  So is the scale of races�察�of temperaments�察�so is sex�察�so

is climate�察�so is the reaction of talents imprisoning the vital power

in certain directions。  Every spirit makes its house�察�but afterwards

the house confines the spirit。



        The gross lines are legible to the dull�此�the cabman is

phrenologist so far�此�he looks in your face to see if his shilling is

sure。  A dome of brow denotes one thing�察�a pot´belly another�察�a

squint�察�a pug´nose�察�mats of hair�察�the pigment of the epidermis��

betray character。  People seem sheathed in their tough organization。

Ask Spurzheim�察�ask the doctors�察�ask Quetelet�察�if temperaments decide

nothing�拭�or if there be any´thing they do not decide�拭 �Read the

description in medical books of the four temperaments�察�and you will

think you are reading your own thoughts which you had not yet told。

Find the part which black eyes�察�and which blue eyes�察�play severally

in the company。  How shall a man escape from his ancestors�察�or draw

off from his veins the black drop which he drew from his father's or

his mother's life�拭 �It often appears in a family�察�as if all the

qualities of the progenitors were potted in several jars�察 �some

ruling quality in each son or daughter of the house�察 �and sometimes

the unmixed temperament�察�the rank unmitigated elixir�察�the family

vice�察�is drawn off in a separate individual�察�and the others are

proportionally relieved。  We sometimes see a change of expression in

our companion�察�and say�察�his father�察�or his mother�察�comes to the

windows of his eyes�察�and sometimes a remote relative。  In different

hours�察�a man rep

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