james otis the pre-revolutionist-第20部分

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　the　period　of　the　patriot's　resigning　his　Crown　post　of　Advocate…General。　　The　motive　for　throwing　up　his　appointment　and　pleading　the　people's　cause　against　the　Writs　of　Assistance；　it　was　at　the　time　said；　was　the　disappointment　of　the　Otis　family　at　the　Chief…Justiceship；　then　vacant；　going　to　Governor　Hutchinson　instead　of　to　Colonel　James　Otis　of　Barnstable；　father　of　our　hero。　　This　aspersion　of　the　fair　name　of　the　Otises　as　patriots　and　high…minded　gentlemen；　and　the　lying　assertion　that　it　was　this　disappointment　that　led　the　Otises；　father　and　son；　to　abandon　the　Crown's　side　for　that　of　the　people；　was　cruelly　false；　and　especially　so　as　Hutchinson；　who　got　the　post；　repeats　the　falsehood　in　his　〃History　of　Massachusetts〃　in　explanation　of　the　Otises　turning　their　coats　and　becoming　partisans　of　the　popular　cause。　　Nothing　could　well　be　more　unjust　and　untrue；　for　both　men　were　of　far　too　honorable　a　character　and　too　ardently　patriotic　to　justify　the　slander　and　give　even　the　slightest　color　to　the　misrepresentation。　　Were　it　necessary　more　emphatically　to　characterize　the　slander　as　false；　one　might　confidently　point　to　the　happy　relations　of　the　Otises　with　the　other　patriots　of　the　timeto　men　of　the　stamp　of　the　two　Adams　statesmen；　to　Hancock；　Randolph；　Warren；　and　other　leaders　of　the　Revolutionary　era；　as　well　as　to　the　contemporary　repute　and　influence　of　both　men　in　the　heroic　annals　of　the　Colonial　period。　　The　times　were　indeed　trying　and　critical；　and　at　the　outset　of　the　movement　for　independence　and　relief　from　the　irritating　aggressions　of　the　Crown；　the　attitude；　we　may　be　sure；　was　closely　watched　and　not　over　truthfully　reported；　of　men　of　influence　who　took　the　patriot　side　and　helped　on　the　great　cause　which　was　afterwards　to　be　gloriously　and　triumphantly　crowned。

But　we　pass　on　to　relate；　in　a　few　brief　words；　what　remains　yet　to　be　told　of　James　Otis's　career；　and　of　the　pathetic　declining　days　of　the　hero　and　his　tragic　end。　　While　mind　and　body　were　intact　and　working　perfectly　in　unison；　Otis　continued　to　give　himself　heart　and　soul　to　the　cause　he　had　so　patriotically　and　zealously　espoused。　　Even　when　his　malady　showed　itself；　there　were　brief　returns　of　useful　activity　and　old…time　mental　alertness；　only；　however；　to　be　followed　by　sad　relapses　into　the　eclipse…period　of　his　powers。　　At　periods　of　respite　from　his　ailment；　Otis　took　part　fitfully　in　his　duties　as　member　of　the　Massachusetts　Legislature；　of　which　body　he　had　been　Speaker；　and　did　what　he　could　to　further　the　work　of　legislation。　　He　also　at　this　time　appeared　once　or　twice　as　an　advocate　in　Court；　and　also　continued　his　correspondence　in　Committee　of　the　General　Assembly　with　prominent　men　in　the　other　Colonies；　seeking　successfully　cooperation　with　them　in　the　great　drama　of　the　time。　　But　for　the　most　part　we　now　find　him　a　considerately　cared…for　guest　of　his　old…time　friend；　Colonel　Samuel　Osgood；　at　the　latter's　farmhouse　at　Andover。　　Here　the　distinguished　pre…Revolutionist　had　phenomenal　premonitions　of　the　coming　manner　of　his　death；　related　to　his　sister；　Mrs。　Warren；　to　whom　the　patriot　on　more　than　one　occasion　said；　that　when　God　in　his　Providence　should　take　him　hence　into　the　eternal　world；　he　hoped　it　would　be　by　a　stroke　of　lightning！　　This　tragic　fate　was　ere　long　to　be　his；　for　on　the　afternoon　of　May　23rd；　1783；　when　Otis　was　standing　amid　a　family　group　at　the　door　of　the　Osgood　homestead　at　Andover；　a　bolt　from　the　blue　flashed　down　from　aloft　and　felled　the　hero　to　the　ground。　　Death　was　instantaneous；　and　happily　it　left　no　mark　or　contortion　on　his　body；　while　his　features　had　the　repose　and　placidity　of　seeming　sleep。　　Thus　passed　the　hero　from　the　scenes　of　earth；　and　in　a　sense　fitly；　for　the　period　was　that　which　saw　the　close　of　the　drama　of　the　Revolution　he　had　been　instrumental　in　bringing　about；　and　the　departure　from　the　soil　of　the　new…born　Republic　of　the　last　of　the　English　soldiery。

＇3＇Historian；　Biographer；　Essayist；　Author　of　a　〃Precis　of　English　History；〃　a　〃Continuation　of　Grecian　History；〃　etc。；　and　for　many　years　Editor　of　Self…Culture　Magazine。The　Publishers。


JAMES　0TIS　ON　THE　WRITS　0F　ASSISTANCE　February；　1761。

May　it　please　your　Honours：　I　was　desired　by　one　of　the　court　to　look　into　the　（law）　books；　and　consider　the　question　now　before　them　concerning　Writs　of　Assistance。　　I　have　accordingly　considered　it；　and　now　appear　not　only　in　obedience　to　your　order；　but　likewise　in　behalf　of　the　inhabitants　of　this　town；　who　have　presented　another　petition；　and　out　of　regard　to　the　liberties　of　the　subject。　　And　I　take　this　opportunity　to　declare　that　whether　under　a　fee　or　not　（for　in　such　a　cause　as　this　I　despise　a　fee）　I　will　to　my　dying　day　oppose；　with　all　the　powers　and　faculties　God　has　given　me；　all　such　instruments　of　slavery　on　the　one　hand　and　villainly　on　the　other；　as　this　Writ　of　Assistance　is。

It　appears　to　me　the　worst　instrument　of　arbitrary　power；　the　most　destructive　of　English　liberty　and　the　fundamental　principles　of　law　that　ever　was　found　in　an　English　lawbook。　　I　must　therefore　beg　your　Honours'　patience　and　attention　to　the　whole　range　of　an　argument　that　may　perhaps　appear　uncommon　in　many　things；　as　well　as　to　points　of　learning　that　are　more　remote　and　unusual；　that　the　whole　tendency　of　my　design　may　the　more　easily　be　perceived；　the　conclusions　better　descend；　and　the　force　of　them　be　better　felt。　　I　shall　not　think　much　of　my　pains　in　this　cause；　as　I　engaged　in　it　from　principle。　　I　was　solicited　to　argue　this　case　as　Advocate…General；　and；　because　I　would　not；　I　have　been　charged　with　desertion　from　my　office。　　To　this　charge　I　can　give　a　very　sufficient　answer。　　I　renounced　that　office　and　I　argue　this　cause　from　the　same　principle；　and　I　argue　it　with　the　greatest　pleasure；　as　it　is　in　favour　of　British　liberty；　at　a　time　when　we　hear　the　greatest　monarch　upon　earth　declaring　from　his　throne　that　he　glories　in　the　name　of　Briton　and　that　the　privileges　of　his　people　are　dearer　to　him　than　the　most　valuable　prerogatives　of　his　crown；　and　as　it　is　in　opposition　to　a　kind　of　power；　the　exercise　of　which　in　former　periods　of　history　cost　one　king　of　England　his　head　and　another　his　crown；　I　have　taken　more　pains　in　this　cause　than　I　ever　will　take　again；　although　my　engaging　in　this　and　another　popular　cause　has　raised　much　resentment。　　But　I　think　I　can　sincerely　declare　that　I　cheerfully　submit　myself　to　every　odious　name　for　conscience'　sake；　and　from　my　soul　I　despise　all　those　whose　guilt；　malice；　or　folly　has　made　them　my　foes。　　Let　the　consequences　be　what　they　will；　I　am　determined　to　proceed。　　The　only　principles　of　public　conduct　that　are　worthy　of　a　gentleman　or　a　man　are　to　sacrifice　estate；　ease；　health；　and　applause；　and　even　life；　to　the　sacred　calls　of　his　country。　　These　manly　sentiments；　in　private　life；　make　good　citizens；　in　public　life；　the　patriot　and　the　hero。　　I　do　not　say　that；　when　brought　to　the　test；　I　shall　be　invincible。　　I　pray　God　I　may　never　be　brought　to　the　melancholy　trial；　but　if　ever　I　should；　it　will　then　be　known　how　far　I　can　reduce　to　practice　principles　which　I　know　to　be　founded　in　truth。　　In　the　meantime；　I　will　proceed　to　the　subject　of　this　writ。

In　the　first　place；　may　it　please　your　honours；　I　will　admit　that　writs　of　one　kind　may　be　legal；　that　is；　special　writs；　directed　to　special　officers；　and　to　search　certain　houses；　etc。；　specially　set　forth　in　the　writ；　may　be　granted　by　the　Court　of　Exchequer　at　home；　upon　oath　made　before　the　Lord　Treasurer　by　the　person　who　asks　it；　that　he　suspects　such　goods　to　be　concealed　in　those　very　places　he　desires　to　search。　　The　Act　of　14　Charles　II。；　which　Mr。　Gridley＇4＇　mentions；　proves　this。　　And　in　this　light　the　writ　appears　like　a　warrant　from　a　Justice　of　the　Peace　to　search　for　stolen　goods。　　Your　honours　will　find　in　the　old　books　concerning　the　office　of　a　Justice　of　the　Peace；　precedents　of　general　warrants　to　search　suspected　houses。　　But　in　more　modern　books　you　will　find　only　special　warrants　to　search　such　and　such　houses；　specially　named；　in　which　the　complainant　has　before　sworn　that　he　suspects　his　goods　are　concealed；　and　will　find　it　adjudged　that　special　warrants　only　are　legal。　　In　the　same　manner　I　rely　on　it；　that　the　writ　prayed　for　in　this　petition　is　illegal。　　It　is　a　power　that　places　the　liberty　of　every　man　in　the　hands　of　every　petty　officer。　　I　say；　I　admit　that　special　Writs　of　Assistance；　to　search　special　places；　may　be　granted　to　certain　persons　on　oath；　but　I　deny　that　the　writ　now　prayed　for　can　be　granted；　for　I　beg　leave　to　make　some　observations　on　the　writ　itself；　before　I　proceed　to　other　Acts　of　Parliament。　　In　the　first　place；　the　writ　is　universal；　being　directed　〃to　all　and　singular　justices；　sheriffs；　constables；　and　all　other　officers　and　subjects〃；　so　that；　in　short；　it　is　directed　to　every　subject　in　the　King's　domains。　　Every　one　with　this　writ　may　be　a　tyrant；　if　this　commission　be　legal；　a　tyrant　in　a　legal　manner；　also；　may　control；　imprison；　or　murder　any　one　within　the　realm。　　In　the　next　place；　it　is　perpetual；　there　is　no　return。　　A　man　is　accountable　to　no　person　for　his　doings。　　Every　man　may　reign　secure　in　his　petty　tyranny；　and　spread　terror　and　desolation　around　him　＇until　the　trump　of　the　Archangel　shall　excite　different　emotions　in　his　soul＇。　　In　the　third　place；　a　person　with　this　writ；　in　the　daytime；　may　enter　all　houses；　shops；　etc。；　at　will；　and　command　all　to　assist　him。　　Fourthly；　by　this　writ　not　only　deputies；　etc。；　but　even　their　menial　servants；　are　allowed　to　lord　it　over　us。　　＇What　is　this　but　to　have　the　curse　of　Canaan　with　a　witness　on　us：　t　o　be　the　servants　of　servants；　the　most　despicable　of　God's　creation？＇　　Now　one　of　the　most　essential　branches　of　English　liberty　is　the　freedom　of　one's　house。　　A　man's　house　is　his　castle；　and　whilst　he　is　quiet；　he　is　as　well　guarded　as　a　prince　in　his　castle。　　This　writ；　if　it　should　be　declared　legal；　would　totally　annihilate　this　privilege。　　Custom…house　officers　may　enter　our　houses　when　they　please；　we　are　commanded　to　permit　their　entry。　　Their　menial　servants　may　enter；　may　break　locks；　bars；　and　everything　in　their　way；　and　whether