descartes¨ reason discourse(却触櫛議容尖)-及2何蛍
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!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
the inquisitive�察�as well as further all the arts an lessen the labour of man�察�
that numerous highly useful precepts and exhortations to virtue are
contained in treatises on morals�察 �that theology points out the path to
heaven�察 �that philosophy affords the means of discoursing with an
appearance of truth on all matters�察 �and mands the admiration of the
more simple�察�that jurisprudence�察�medicine�察�and the other sciences�察�secure
for their cultivators honors and riches�察 �and�察 �in fine�察 �that it is useful to
bestow some attention upon all�察 �even upon those abounding the most in
superstition and error�察�that we may be in a position to determine their real
value�察�and guard against being deceived。
But I believed that I had already given sufficient time to languages�察�
and likewise to the reading of the writings of the ancients�察�to their histories
and fables。 For to hold converse with those of other ages and to travel�察�
are almost the same thing。 It is useful to know something of the manners
of different nations�察 �that we may be enabled to form a more correct
judgment regarding our own�察 �and be prevented from thinking that
everything contrary to our customs is ridiculous and irrational�察 �a
conclusion usually e to by those whose experience has been limited to
their own country。 On the other hand�察�when too much time is occupied in
traveling�察�we bee strangers to our native country�察�and the over curious
in the customs of the past are generally ignorant of those of the present。
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Besides�察 �fictitious narratives lead us to imagine the possibility of many
events that are impossible�察�and even the most faithful histories�察�if they do
not wholly misrepresent matters�察�or exaggerate their importance to render
the account of them more worthy of perusal�察�omit�察�at least�察�almost always
the meanest and least striking of the attendant circumstances�察 �hence it
happens that the remainder does not represent the truth�察�and that such as
regulate their conduct by examples drawn from this source�察�are apt to fall
into the extravagances of the knight´errants of romance�察�and to entertain
projects that exceed their powers。
I esteemed eloquence highly�察 �and was in raptures with poesy�察 �but I
thought that both were gifts of nature rather than fruits of study。 Those in
whom the faculty of reason is predominant�察 �and who most skillfully
dispose their thoughts with a view to render them clear and intelligible�察�are
always the best able to persuade others of the truth of what they lay down�察�
though they should speak only in the language of Lower Brittany�察�and be
wholly ignorant of the rules of rhetoric�察�and those whose minds are stored
with the most agreeable fancies�察�and who can give expression to them with
the greatest embellishment and harmony�察 �are still the best poets�察 �though
unacquainted with the art of poetry。
I was especially delighted with the mathematics�察 �on account of the
certitude and evidence of their reasonings�察 �but I had not as yet a precise
knowledge of their true use�察�and thinking that they but contributed to the
advancement of the mechanical arts�察�I was astonished that foundations�察�so
strong and solid�察�should have had no loftier superstructure reared on them。
On the other hand�察�I pared the disquisitions of the ancient moralists to
very towering and magnificent palaces with no better foundation than sand
and mud�此 �they laud the virtues very highly�察 �and exhibit them as
estimable far above anything on earth�察 �but they give us no adequate
criterion of virtue�察�and frequently that which they designate with so fine a
name is but apathy�察�or pride�察�or despair�察�or parricide。
I revered our theology�察�and aspired as much as any one to reach heaven�此�
but being given assuredly to understand that the way is not less open to the
most ignorant than to the most learned�察�and that the revealed truths which
lead to heaven are above our prehension�察�I did not presume to subject
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them to the impotency of my reason�察 �and I thought that in order
petently to undertake their examination�察 �there was need of some
special help from heaven�察�and of being more than man。
Of philosophy I will say nothing�察�except that when I saw that it had
been cultivated for many ages by the most distinguished men�察�and that yet
there is not a single matter within its sphere which is not still in dispute�察�
and nothing�察 �therefore�察 �which is above doubt�察 �I did not presume to
anticipate that my success would be greater in it than that of others�察�and
further�察�when I considered the number of conflicting opinions touching a
single matter that may be upheld by learned men�察�while there can be but
one true�察�I reckoned as well´nigh false all that was only probable。
As to the other sciences�察 �inasmuch as these borrow their principles
from philosophy�察�I judged that no solid superstructures could be reared on
foundations so infirm�察�and neither the honor nor the gain held out by them
was sufficient to determine me to their cultivation�此 �for I was not�察�thank
Heaven�察 �in a condition which pelled me to make merchandise of
science for the bettering of my fortune�察�and though I might not profess to
scorn glory as a cynic�察�I yet made very slight account of that honor which I
hoped to acquire only through fictitious titles。 And�察 �in fine�察 �of false
sciences I thought I knew the worth sufficiently to escape being deceived
by the professions of an alchemist�察 �the predictions of an astrologer�察 �the
impostures of a magician�察�or by the artifices and boasting of any of those
who profess to know things of which they are ignorant。
For these reasons�察�as soon as my age permitted me to pass from under
the control of my instructors�察�I entirely abandoned the study of letters�察�and
resolved no longer to seek any other science than the knowledge of myself�察�
or of the great book of the world。 I spent the remainder of my youth in
traveling�察�in visiting courts and armies�察�in holding intercourse with men of
different dispositions and ranks�察 �in collecting varied experience�察 �in
proving myself in the different situations into which fortune threw me�察�and�察�
above all�察�in making such reflection on the matter of my experience as to
secure my improvement。 For it occurred to me that I should find much
more truth in the reasonings of each individual with reference to the affairs
in which he is personally interested�察�and the issue of which must presently
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punish him if he has judged amiss�察�than in those conducted by a man of
letters in his study�察�regarding speculative matters that are of no practical
moment�察 �and followed by no consequences to himself�察 �farther�察 �perhaps�察�
than that they foster his vanity the better the more remote they are from
mon sense�察�requiring�察�as they must in this case�察�the exercise of greater
ingenuity and art to render them probable。 In addition�察 �I had always a
most earnest desire to know how to distinguish the true from the false�察�in
order that I might be able clearly to discriminate the right path in life�察�and
proceed in it with confidence。
It is true that�察�while busied only in considering the manners of other
men�察 �I found here�察 �too�察 �scarce any ground for settled conviction�察 �and
remarked hardly less contradiction among them than in the opinions of the
philosophers。 So that the greatest advantage I derived from the study
consisted in this�察�that�察�observing many things which�察�however extravagant
and ridiculous to our apprehension�察�are yet by mon consent received
and approved by other great nations�察�I learned to entertain too decided a
belief in regard to nothing of the truth of which I had been persuaded
merely by example and custom�察 �and thus I gradually extricated myself
from many errors powerful enough to darken our natural intelligence�察�and
incapacitate us in great measure from listening to reason。 But after I had
been occupied several years in thus studying the book of the world�察�and in
essaying to gather some experience�察�I at length resolved to make myself an
object of study�察�and to employ all the powers of my mind in choosing the
paths I ought to follow�察 �an undertaking which was acpanied with
greater success than it would have been had I never quitted my country or
my books。
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