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A Modest Proposal
A Modest Proposal
��for preventing the children of poor people in Ireland�察�from being
a burden on their parents or country�察�and for making them beneficial
to the publick。��
by Dr。 Jonathan Swift。 1729
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A Modest Proposal
It is a melancholy object to those�察�who walk through this great town�察�
or travel in the country�察�when they see the streets�察�the roads and cabbin´
doors crowded with beggars of the female sex�察�followed by three�察�four�察�or
six children�察 �all in rags�察 �and importuning every passenger for an alms。
These mothers instead of being able to work for their honest livelihood�察�
are forced to employ all their time in stroling to beg sustenance for their
helpless infants who�察�as they grow up�察�either turn thieves for want of work�察�
or leave their dear native country�察�to fight for the Pretender in Spain�察�or
sell themselves to the Barbadoes。
I think it is agreed by all parties�察 �that this prodigious number of
children in the arms�察�or on the backs�察�or at the heels of their mothers�察�and
frequently of their fathers�察�is in the present deplorable state of the kingdom�察�
a very great additional grievance�察�and therefore whoever could find out a
fair�察 �cheap and easy method of making these children sound and useful
members of the common´wealth�察�would deserve so well of the publick�察�as
to have his statue set up for a preserver of the nation。
But my intention is very far from being confined to provide only for
the children of professed beggars�此�it is of a much greater extent�察�and shall
take in the whole number of infants at a certain age�察 �who are born of
parents in effect as little able to support them�察�as those who demand our
charity in the streets。
As to my own part�察�having turned my thoughts for many years�察�upon
this important subject�察�and maturely weighed the several schemes of our
projectors�察 �I have always found them grossly mistaken in their
computation。 It is true�察�a child just dropt from its dam�察�may be supported
by her milk�察 �for a solar year�察 �with little other nourishment�此 �at most not
above the value of two shillings�察�which the mother may certainly get�察�or
the value in scraps�察�by her lawful occupation of begging�察�and it is exactly
at one year old that I propose to provide for them in such a manner�察�as�察�
instead of being a charge upon their parents�察�or the parish�察�or wanting food
and raiment for the rest of their lives�察 �they shall�察 �on the contrary�察�
contribute to the feeding�察�and partly to the cloathing of many thousands。
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A Modest Proposal
There is likewise another great advantage in my scheme�察 �that it will
prevent those voluntary abortions�察 �and that horrid practice of women
murdering their bastard children�察�alas� �too frequent among us�察�sacrificing
the poor innocent babes�察 �I doubt�察 �more to avoid the expence than the
shame�察�which would move tears and pity in the most savage and inhuman
breast。
The number of souls in this kingdom being usually reckoned one
million and a half�察 �of these I calculate there may be about two hundred
thousand couple whose wives are breeders�察�from which number I subtract
thirty thousand couple�察 �who are able to maintain their own children�察�
��although I apprehend there cannot be so many�察 �under the present
distresses of the kingdom�� but this being granted�察 �there will remain an
hundred and seventy thousand breeders。 I again subtract fifty thousand�察�for
those women who miscarry�察�or whose children die by accident or disease
within the year。 There only remain an hundred and twenty thousand
children of poor parents annually born。 The question therefore is�察�How this
number shall be reared�察�and provided for�拭�which�察�as I have already said�察�
under the present situation of affairs�察 �is utterly impossible by all the
methods hitherto proposed。 For we can neither employ them in handicraft
or agriculture�察 �we neither build houses�察 。�I mean in the country�� nor
cultivate land�此�they can very seldom pick up a livelihood by stealing till
they arrive at six years old�察 �except where they are of towardly parts�察�
although I confess they learn the rudiments much earlier�察 �during which
time they can however be properly looked upon only as probationers�此�As I
have been informed by a principal gentleman in the county of Cavan�察�who
protested to me�察�that he never knew above one or two instances under the
age of six�察 �even in a part of the kingdom so renowned for the quickest
proficiency in that art。
I am assured by our merchants�察�that a boy or a girl before twelve years
old�察�is no saleable commodity�察�and even when they come to this age�察�they
will not yield above three pounds�察 �or three pounds and half a crown at
most�察�on the exchange�察�which cannot turn to account either to the parents
or kingdom�察�the charge of nutriments and rags having been at least four
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A Modest Proposal
times that value。
I shall now therefore humbly propose my own thoughts�察�which I hope
will not be liable to the least objection。
I have been assured by a very knowing American of my acquaintance
in London�察�that a young healthy child well nursed�察�is�察�at a year old�察�a most
delicious nourishing and wholesome food�察�whether stewed�察�roasted�察�baked�察�
or boiled�察�and I make no doubt that it will equally serve in a fricasie�察�or a
ragoust。
I do therefore humbly offer it to publick consideration�察 �that of the
hundred and twenty thousand children�察 �already computed�察 �twenty
thousand may be reserved for breed�察�whereof only one fourth part to be
males�察�which is more than we allow to sheep�察�black cattle�察�or swine�察�and
my reason is�察 �that these children are seldom the fruits of marriage�察 �a
circumstance not much regarded by our savages�察�therefore�察�one male will
be sufficient to serve four females。 That the remaining hundred thousand
may�察�at a year old�察�be offered in sale to the persons of quality and fortune�察�
through the kingdom�察 �always advising the mother to let them suck
plentifully in the last month�察 �so as to render them plump�察 �and fat for a
good table。 A child will make two dishes at an entertainment for friends�察�
and when the family dines alone�察 �the fore or hind quarter will make a
reasonable dish�察 �and seasoned with a little pepper or salt�察 �will be very
good boiled on the fourth day�察�especially in winter。
I have reckoned upon a medium�察�that a child just born will weigh 12
pounds�察�and in a solar year�察�if tolerably nursed�察�encreaseth to 28 pounds。
I grant this food will be somewhat dear�察�and therefore very proper for
landlords�察�who�察�as they have already devoured most of the parents�察�seem
to have the best title to the children。
Infant's flesh will be in season throughout the year�察�but more plentiful
in March�察�and a little before and after�察�for we are told by a grave author�察�an
eminent French physician�察�that fish being a prolifick dyet�察�there are more
children born in Roman Catholick countries about nine months after Lent�察�
the markets will be more glutted than usual�察�because the number of Popish
infants�察�is at least three to one in this kingdom�察�and therefore it will have
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one other collateral advantage�察�by lessening the number of Papists among
us。
I have already computed the charge of nursing a beggar's child ��in
which list I reckon all cottagers�察�labourers�察�and four´fifths of the farmers��
to be about two shillings per annum�察 �rags included�察 �and I believe no
gentleman would repine to give ten shillings for the carcass of a good fat
child�察�which�察�as I have said�察�will make four dishes of excellent nutritive
meat�察�when he hath only some particular friend�察�or his own family to dine
with him。 Thus the squire will learn to be a good landlord�察 �and grow
popular among his tenants�察�the mother will have eight shillings neat profit�察�
and be fit for work till she produces another child。
Those who are more thrifty ��as I must confess the times require�� may
flea the carcass�察 �the skin of which�察 �artificially dressed�察 �will make
admirable gloves for ladies�察�and summer boots for fine gentlemen。
As to our City of Dublin�察�shambles may be appointed for this purpose�察�
in the most convenient parts of it�察�and butchers we may be assured will not
be wanting�察 �although I rather recommend buying the children alive�察 �and
dressing them hot from the knife�察�as we do roasting pigs。
A very worthy person�察�a true lover of his country�察�and whose virtues I
highly esteem�察�was lately pleased�察�in discoursing on this matter�察�to offer a
refinement upon my