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industrial　organization　that　capitalist　enterprise　creates’。　He　pointed　out　
that　entrepreneurs　innovate　and　develop　new　products；　services　or　ways　
of　doing　business；　and　in　the　process　destroy　those　organizations　that　can’t　
adapt　or　have　been　effectively　made　redundant。　Schumpeter　believed　that　
capitalism　has　to　create　short…term　losers　alongside　its　short…　and　longterm　
winners　in　order　for　the　economy　to　grow　and　prosper：　‘Without　
innovations；　no　entrepreneurs；　without　entrepreneurial　achievement；　no　
capitalist。　。　。　propulsion。　The　atmosphere　of　industrial　revolutions。　。　。　is　the　
only　one　in　which　capitalism　can　survive。’　He　went　rather　further　than　
this　by　arguing　that　the　more　countries　tried　to　mitigate　the　possibilities　
of　business　failing；　the　worse　their　economic　performance　would　be。　
Picking　up　the　pieces　through　social　insurance　is　fine；　propping　up　failing　
businesses　or　declining　business　sectors　is　not。　
WHO　MAKE　GOOD　ENTREPRENEURS？　
There　are　absolutely　no　reliable　characteristics　that　predispose　people　to　
bee　entrepreneurs。　Despite　diligent　research；　Durham　University’s　
General　Enterprise　Tendency　（GET）　Test；　with　12　questions　measuring　
Entrepreneurship　215　
need　for　achievement；　12　to　assess　internal　locus　of　control；　12　to　determine　
creativity；　12　to　gauge　calculated　risk　taking　and　6　to　measure　need　for　
autonomy；　has　failed　to　gain　recognition。　Peter　Drucker；　the　international　
business　guru；　probably　got　it　right　with　this　description：　‘Some　are　
eccentrics；　others　painfully　correct　conformists；　some　are　fat　and　some　are　
lean；　some　are　worriers；　some　relaxed；　some　drink　quite　heavily；　others　
are　total　abstainers；　some　are　men　of　great　charm　and　warmth；　some　have　
no　more　personality　than　a　frozen　mackerel。’　Entrepreneurs　do　have　one　
distinguishing　characteristic　in　mon；　however。　They　put　independence　
and　doing　their　own　thing　above　everything；　including　ge。。ing　rich。　That　
doesn’t　mean　they　don’t　want　to　succeed；　it’s　just　that　success　is　not　all　about　
money。　Research　carried　out　by　Simfonec；　a　science　research　centre　based　
at　Cass　Business　School　（cass。city。ac。uk）；　found　that　20　per　cent　of　
entrepreneurs　in　their　sample　（250　entrepreneurs　and　250　managers）　were　
dyslexic；　whereas　managers　reflected　the　UK　national　dyslexia　incidence　
level　of　4　per　cent。　While　it　is　perhaps　forting　to　know　that　dyslexia；　
or　even　not　pleting　schooling　or　university　because　of　it；　is　no　bar　to　
entrepreneurship；　it　is　not　something　you　can　do　much　about。　
What　can　be　said　with　certainty　is　that　there　are　an　awful　lot　of　entrepreneurs　
everywhere　and　from　every　walk　of　life。　Also；　it　seems　likely　that　
entrepreneurs　are　as　likely　to　be　made　as　born。　There　are　over　4。4　million　
people　running　their　own　business　in　the　UK　alone。　That　is　double　the　
number　of　just　two　decades　or　so　ago。　GEM　（gemconsortium）；　
through　their　Global　Entrepreneurship　Monitor　research　programme　
headed　up　by　Babson　College　in　the　United　States；　collects　statistics　from　
41　countries　on　business　starters　and；　equally　importantly；　would…be　
starters。　They　rank　the　UK　as　being　fairly　average　in　terms　of　numbers。　
GEM’s　research　indicates　that　in　Europe　there　are　around　30　million　
owner…managed　businesses　and　five　times　that　figure　across　the　developed　
world。　
Research　from　various　organizations；　including　Lloyds　Bank；　NatWest　
and　the　Institute　for　Small　Business　Enterprise；　sheds　further　light　on　the　
small　business　population　and　demographics。　No　section　of　the　public　
appears　to　be　excluded　from　the　small　business　world。　One　in　seven　
businesses　are　started　by　people　over　50；　just　over　a　third　of　business　
proprietors　are　women；　1　in　10　le。。　school　early　and　barely　a　quarter　have　
a　degree；　immigrants　are　as　likely　to　work　for　themselves　as　others；　and　
interestingly　enough；　those　who　start　their　business　in　their　teens　or　early　
20s　are　no　more　likely　to　fail　than　those　in　the　40s　and　50s　with　a　career　in　
big　business　under　their　belt。　You　can　search　out　these　and　other　related　
data　on　the　Small　Enterprise　Research　Team　website　（serteam。　
co。uk）。　Based　at　the　Open　University；　SERTeam；　as　they　are　known；　run　
both　NatWest　and　Lloyds　Bank’s　long…standing　small　business　research　
programmes；　among　others。
216　The　Thirty…Day　MBA　
Would　you　make　a　good　entrepreneur？　
All　too　o。。en；　everyone　believes　themselves　to　be　the　right　sort　of　person　
to　set　up　a　business。　Unfortunately；　the　capacity　for　self…deception　is　
enormous。　When　a　random　sample　of　male　adults　were　asked　recently　to　
rank　themselves　on　leadership　ability；　70　per　cent　rated　themselves　in　the　
top　25　per　cent；　only　2　per　cent　felt　they　were　below　average　as　leaders。　In　
an　area　in　which　self…deception　ought　to　be　difficult；　60　per　cent　said　they　
were　well　above　average　in　athletic　ability　and　only　6　per　cent　said　they　
were　below。　
A　mon　mistake　made　in　assessing　entrepreneurial　talent　is　to　assume　
that　success　in　big　business　management　will　automatically　guarantee　
success　in　a　small　business。　
Rate　yourself　against　the　characteristics　shown　in　Table　8。1　and　see　how　
you　stack　up　as　a　potential　business　starter。　A　score　of　over　30　suggests　you　
have　what　it　takes　and　less　than　20　should　be　treated　as　a　warning　signal。　
Get　a　couple　of　people　who　know　you　well　to　rate　you　too；　so　you　get　an　
unbiased　opinion。　
Table　8。1　Business　starter　a。。ribute　check　
A。。ribute　Score　（0–5；　where　0　indicates　having　none　of　the　
a。。ribute　and　5　rating　highly）　
Self…confident　all　rounder　
Ability　to　bounce　back　
Innovative　skills　
Results　orientated　
Professional　risk　taker　
Total　mitment　
Self…sufficient　
Self…disciplined　
You　can　find　out　more　about　whether　or　not　entrepreneurship　would　be　
right　for　you　by　taking　one　or　more　of　the　many　online　entrepreneurial　IQtype　
tests。　For　example：　
。　Tickle　Tests　（web。tickle/tests/entrepreneurialiq/？test=　
entrepreneurialiqogt）；　
。　BusMove　（busmove/other/quiz。htm）；　
。　munity　Futures；　a　Canadian　small　business　help　website；　has　a　50…　
question　online　test　to　help　you　rate　your　entrepreneurial　abilities　as　
well　as　a　checklist　of　desirable　traits。　See　wwwmunityfutures/　
cms/Starting_a_Business。159。0。html。
Entrepreneurship　217　
ENTREPRENEURIAL　CATEGORIES　
Entrepreneurs　are　usually　associated　with　successful　businesses　such　as　
those　run　by　Alan　Sugar；　Richard　Branson；　Bill　Gates　or　Roman　Abramovich。　
There　are；　however；　several　different　types　of　entrepreneurial　ventures；　
not　all　associated　either　with　making　money　or　with　charismatic　leadership。　
The　following　are　the　main　subsidiary　categories　of　entrepreneurial　
organization。　
Social　entrepreneurs　
A　social　entrepreneur　is　concerned　primarily　with　achieving　sustainable　
social　change；　though　in　many　respects　the　strategies　they　employ　to　achieve　
those　goals　are　similar　to　those　used　by　other　entrepreneurs。　The　idea　of　
social　business　is　fast　being　mainstream。　There　is　an　annual　Queen’s　
Award　for　Industry　for　Sustainable　Development；　an　ACCA　Award　for　the　
Best　Social　Accounts　and　a　School　for　Social　Entrepreneurs　（sse。　
uk）　which　helps　would…be　social　entrepreneurs　to　get　started。　The　Schwab　
Foundation　（schwabfound）　covers　much　the　same　ground　in　the　
United　States。　Columbia　Business　School’s　MBA　programme　has　an　elective　
course　on　Social　Entrepreneurship　as　part　of　its　Research　Initiative　on　
Social　Entrepreneurship　（riseproject/cbsprofiles。html）。　Students　
plete　projects　where　they　shadow　leading　social　entrepreneurs　and　social　
investors　for　a　semester　and　details　of　all　their　case　studies　are　published　
on　their　website。　Stanford　Graduate　School　of　Business　（gsb。stanford。　
edu/exed/epse）　with　its　Executive　Program　in　Social　Entrepreneurship；　
Harvard’s　Strategic　Perspectives　in　Non…profit　Management　（exed。　
hbs。edu/programs/spnm）　and　Cardiff　Metropolitan　University’s　MBA　in　
Social　Entrepreneurship　（uwic。ac。uk/courses/business/MBASocialE。　
asp）　take　the　subject　to　the　heart　of　mainstream　business　education。　
According　to　government　statistics；　around　55；000　businesses　trade　with　
a　social　or　environmental　purpose　across　the　UK。　They　contribute　almost　
￡27　billion　to　the　national　economy　and　substantially　benefit　their　local　
munities　by　creating　employment　opportunities；　providing　ethical　
products　and　services；　and　reinvesting　surpluses　into　society。　The　primary　
motivation　for　social　entrepreneurs　is　to　build　an　ethical　venture　that　is　of　
benefit　to　the　wider　munity。　As　one　social　entrepreneur　put　it；　‘I　am　
trying　to　build　a　li。。le　part　of　the　world　in　which　I　would　like　to　live。’　Money　
is　important；　but　ge。。ing　rich　is　not。　
Oneworld　Health　（oneworldhealth）；　established　by　Victoria　
Hale；　a　social　entrepreneur　and　pharmacologist　based　in　San　Francisco；　is　
as　different　from　mainstream　drug　panies　as　it　is　possible　to　be。　It　has　as　
its　vision　to　‘serve　as　a　positive　agent　for　change　by　saving　lives；　improving　
health；　and　fulfilling　the　promise　of　medicine　for　those　most　in　need’　and　
218　The　Thirty…Day　MBA　
for　its　values　‘Integrity；　Courage；　Collaboration’。　Oneworld　assembles　experienced　
and　dedicated　teams　of　pharmaceutical　scientists；　identifies　the　
most　promising　drugs　and　vaccine　candidates；　and　develops　them　into　
safe；　effective　and　affordable　medicines。　It　partners　with　panies；　nonprofit　
hospitals　and　organizations　in　the　developing　world　to　conduct　
medical　research　on　new　cures。　Then　it　manufactures　and　distributes　newly　
approved　therapies　such　as　those　that　tackle　malaria；　the　cause　of　300–500　
million　acute　illnesses　and　over　one　million　deaths　annually。　
The　pany　scours　the　shelves　of　big　pharmaceutical　panies　looking　
for　drugs　that　for　some　reason　failed　to　get　to　market；　perhaps　because　
the　market　proved　too　small；　the　benefits　too　few　or　that　in　some　other　way　
won’t　meet　the　needs　of　an　affluent　Western　market。　Hale　even　persuaded　
The　University　of　California；　Santa　Barbara　to　donate　a　patent　for　a　discovery　
involving　the　novel　use　of　calcium　channel　blockers　to　control　the　
schistosomiasis　parasite。　Hale　and　her　team　believe　that　that　there　are　
huge　inefficiencies　in　the　way　W