君主论-the prince(英文版)-第4部分
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； therefore； if we desire to discuss this matterthoroughly； to inquire whether these innovators can rely on themselvesor have to depend on others： that is to say； whether； to consummatetheir enterprise； have they to use prayers or can they use force？ In thefirst instance they always succeed badly； and never pass anything；but when they can rely on themselves and use force； then they are rarelyendangered。 Hence it is that all armed prophets have conquered； and theunarmed ones have been destroyed。 Besides the reasons mentioned； thenature of the people is variable； and whilst it is easy to persuadethem； it is difficult to fix them in that persuasion。 And thus it isnecessary to take such measures that； when they believe no longer； itmay be possible to make them believe by force。If Moses； Cyrus； Theseus； and Romulus had been unarmed they could nothave enforced their constitutions for long …… as happened in our time toFra Girolamo Savonarola； who was ruined with his new order of thingsimmediately the multitude believed in him no longer； and he had no meansof keeping steadfast those who believed or of making the unbelievers tobelieve。 Therefore such as these have great difficulties in consummatingtheir enterprise； for all their dangers are in the ascent； yet withability they will overe them； but when these are overe； and thosewho envied them their success are exterminated； they will begin to berespected； and they will continue afterwards powerful； secure； honoured；and happy。To these great examples I wish to add a lesser one； still it bears someresemblance to them； and I wish it to suffice me for all of a like kind：it is Hiero the Syracusan。 This man rose from a private station to bePrince of Syracuse； nor did he； either； owe anything to fortune butopportunity； for the Syracusans； being oppressed； chose him for theircaptain； afterwards he was rewarded by being made their prince。 He wasof so great ability； even as a private citizen； that one who writes ofhim says he wanted nothing but a kingdom to be a king。 This manabolished the old soldiery； organized the new； gave up old alliances；made new ones； and as he had his own soldiers and allies； on suchfoundations he was able to build any edifice： thus； whilst he hadendured much trouble in acquiring； he had but little in keeping。CHAPTER VIICONCERNING NEW PRINCIPALITIES WHICH ARE ACQUIRED EITHER BY THE ARMS OFOTHERS OR BY GOOD FORTUHOSE who solely by good fortune bee princes from being privatecitizens have little trouble in rising； but much in keeping atop； theyhave not any difficulties on the way up； because they fly； but they havemany when they reach the summit。 Such are those to whom some state isgiven either for money or by the favour of him who bestows it； ashappened to many in Greece； in the cities of Ionia and of theHellespont； where princes were made by Darius； in order that they mighthold the cities both for his security and his glory； as also were thoseemperors who； by the corruption of the soldiers； from being citizenscame to empire。 Such stand simply upon the goodwill and the fortune ofhim who has elevated them …… two most inconstant and unstable things。Neither have they the knowledge requisite for the position； because；unless they are men of great worth and ability； it is not reasonable toexpect that they should know how to mand； having always lived in aprivate condition； besides； they cannot hold it because they have notforces which they can keep friendly and faithful。States that rise unexpectedly； then； like all other things in naturewhich are born and grow rapidly； cannot have their foundations andrelations with other states fixed in such a way that the first stormwill not overthrow them； unless； as is said； those who unexpectedlybee princes are men of so much ability that they know they have to beprepared at once to hold that which fortune has thrown into their laps；and that those foundations； which others have laid before they becameprinces； they must lay afterwards。Concerning these two methods of rising to be a prince by ability orfortune； I wish to adduce two examples within our own recollection； andthese are Francesco Sforza and Cesare Borgia。 Francesco； by proper meansand with great ability； from being a private person rose to be Duke ofMilan； and that which he had acquired with a thousand anxieties he keptwith little trouble。 On the other hand； Cesare Borgia； called by thepeople Duke Valentino； acquired his state during the ascendancy of hisfather； and on its decline he lost it； notwithstanding that he had takenevery measure and done all that ought to be done by a wise and able manto fix firmly his roots in the states which the arms and fortunes ofothers had bestowed on him。Because； as is stated above； he who has not first laid his foundationsmay be able with great ability to lay them afterwards； but they will belaid with trouble to the architect and danger to the building。 If；therefore； all the steps taken by the duke be considered； it will beseen that he laid solid foundations for his future power； and I do notconsider it superfluous to discuss them； because I do not know whatbetter precepts to give a new prince than the example of his actions；and if his dispositions were of no avail； that was not his fault； butthe extraordinary and extreme malignity of fortune。Alexander VI； in wishing to aggrandize the duke； his son； had manyimmediate and prospective difficulties。 Firstly； he did not see his wayto make him master of any state that was not a state of the Church； andif he was willing to rob the Church he knew that the Duke of Milan andthe Veians would not consent； because Faenza and Rimini were alreadyunder the protection of the Veians。 Besides this； he saw the arms ofItaly； especially those by which he might have been assisted； in handsthat would fear the aggrandizement of the Pope； namely； the Orsini andthe Colonna and their following。 It behoved him； therefore； to upsetthis state of affairs and embroil the powers； so as to make himselfsecurely master of part of their states。 This was easy for him to do；because he found the Veians； moved by other reasons； inclined tobring back the French into Italy； he would not only not oppose this； buthe would render it more easy by dissolving the former marriage of KingLouis。 Therefore the king came into Italy with the assistance of theVeians and the consent of Alexander。 He was no sooner in Milan thanthe Pope had soldiers from him for the attempt on the Romagna； whichyielded to him on the reputation of the king。 The duke； therefore；having acquired the Romagna and beaten the Colonna； while wishing tohold that and to advance further； was hindered by two things： the one；his forces did not appear loyal to him； the other； the goodwill ofFrance： that is to say； he feared that the forces of the Orsini； whichwas using； would not stand to him； that not only might they hinder himfrom winning more； but might themselves seize what he had won； and thatthe King might also do the same。 Of the Orsini he had a warning when；after taking Faenza and attacking Bologna； he saw them go veryunwillingly to that attack。 And as to the king； he learned his mind whenhe himself； after taking the duchy of Urbino； attacked Tuscany； and theking made him desist from that undertaking； hence the duke decided todepend no more upon the arms and the luck of others。For the first thing he weakened the Orsini and Colonna parties in Rome；by gaining to himself all their adherents who were gentlemen； makingthem his gentlemen； giving them good pay； and； according to their rank；honouring them with office and mand in such a way that in a fewmonths all attachment to the factions was destroyed and turned entirelyto the duke。 After this he awaited an opportunity to crush the Orsini；having scattered the adherents of the Colonna。 This came to him soon andhe used it well； for the Orsini； perceiving at length that theaggrandizement of the duke and the Church was ruin to them； called ameeting at Magione； in the territory of Perugia。 From this sprung therebellion at Urbino and the tumults in the Romagna； with endless dangersto the duke； all of which he overcame with the help of the French。Having restored his authority； not to leave it at risk by trustingeither to the French or other outside forces； he had recourse to hiswiles； and he knew so well how to conceal his mind that； by themediation of Signor Paolo ＇Orsini＇ …… whom the duke did not fail tosecure with all kinds of attention； giving him money； apparel； andhorses …… the Orsini were reconciled； so that their simplicity broughtthem into his power at Sinigaglia。 Having exterminated the leaders； andturned their partisans into his friends； the duke had laid sufficientlygood foundations to his power； having all the Romagna and the duchy ofUrbino； and the people now beginning to appreciate their prosperity； hegained them all over to himself。 And as this point is worthy of notice；and to be imitated by others； I am not willing to leave it out。When the duke occupied the Romagna he found it under the rule of weakmasters； who rather plundered their subjects than ruled them； and gavethem more cause for disunion than for union； so that the country wasfull of robbery； quarrels； and every kind of violence； and so； wishingto bring back peace and obedience to authority； he considered itnecessary to give it a good governor。 Thereupon he promoted MesserRamiro d'Orco ＇de Lorqua＇； a swift and cruel man； to whom he gave thefullest power。 This man in a short time restored peace and unity withthe greatest success。 Afterwards the duke considered that it was notadvisable to confer such excessive authority； for he had no doubt butthat he would bee odious； so he set up a court of judgment in thecountry； under a most excellent president； wherein all cities had theiradvocates。 And because he knew that the past severity had caused somehatred against himself； so； to clear himself in the minds of the people；and gain them entirely to himself； he desired to show that； if anycruelty had been practised； it had not originated with him； but in thenatural sternness of the minister。 Under this pretence he took Ramiro；and one morning caused him to be executed and left on the piazza atCesena with the block and a bloody knife at his side。 The barbarity ofthis spectacle caused the people to
