再生之软件帝国-第7部分
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1988 … November MS…DOS 4。01， PC…DOS 4。01
This corrected many of the bugs seen in version 4。0， but many users simply switched back to version 3。3 and waited for a properly re…written and fully tested version … which did not e until version 5 in June 1991。 Support for disk partitions >；32Mb。
1990 … May 22 Introduction of Windows 3。0 by Bill Gates &； Microsoft。 It is true multitasking （or pretends to be on puters less than an 80386， by operating in ’Real’ mode） system。 It maintained patibility with MS…DOS， on an 80386 it even allows such programs to multitask … which they were not designed to do。 This created a real threat to the Macintosh and despite a similar product， IBM’s OS/2， it was very successful。 Various improvements were made， versions 3。1， 3。11 … but the next major step did not e until Windows ’95 in 1995 which relied much more heavily on the features of the 80386 and provided support for 32 bit applications。
1991 … June MS…DOS 5。0， PC…DOS 5。0
In order to promote OS/2 Bill Gates took every opportunity after it’s release to say ’DOS is dead’， however the development of DOS 5。0 lead to the permanent dropping of OS/2 development。
This version， after the mess of version 4， was properly tested through the distribution of Beta versions to over 7，500 users。 This version included the ability to load device drivers and TSR programs above the 640KB boundary （into UMBs and the HMA）， freeing more RAM for programs。 This version marked the end of collaboration between Microsoft and IBM on DOS。
1991 … August Linux is born with the following post to the Use Newsgroup p。os。minix：
Hello everybody out there using minix…
I’m doing a （free） operating system （just a hobby， won’t be
big and professional like gnu） for 386（486） AT clones。
The post was by a Finnish college student， Linus Torvalds， and this hobby grew from these humble beginnings into one of the most widely used UNIX…like operating systems in the world today。 It now runs on many different types of puter， including the Sun SPARC and the paq Alpha， as well as many ARM， MIPS， PowerPC and Motorola 68000 based puters。
In 1992， the GNU project （http：//。gnu。org/） adopted the Linux kernel for use on GNU systems while they waited for the development of their own （Hurd） kernel to be pleted。 The GNU project’s aim is to provide a plete and free UNIX like operating system， bining the Linux or Hurd platform with the a plete suite of free software to run on it。 In order to allow it to carry the GNU name， the Linux kernel copyright was changed to the GNU Public License Agreement （http：//。gnu。org/copyleft/gpl。html） on the 1st of February 1992。
1992 … April Introduction of Windows 3。1
1993 … December MS…DOS 6。0。 This included a Hard…Disk pression program called DoubleSpace， but a small puting pany called ’Stac’ claimed that DoubleSpace was partly a copy of their pression Program， Stacker。 After paying damages Microsoft withdrew DoubleSpace from MS…DOS 6。2， releasing a new program … DriveSpace … with MS…DOS version 6。22。 In operation and programming interface DriveSpace remains virtually identical to DoubleSpace。 MS…DOS 6。22 remains the last version of MS…DOS released， since Microsoft turned its efforts to Windows ’95。 Windows ’95 （and later） DOS shell reports itself as DOS 7 … and includes a few enhancements， e。g。 support for long filenames。
1994 … March 14 Linus Torvalds released version 1。0 of the Linux Kernel。
1994 … September PC…DOS 6。3 Basically the same as version 5。0 this release by IBM included more bundled software， such as Stacker （the program that caused Microsoft so much embarrassment） and anti…virus software。
1995 … March Linus released Linux Kernel v1。2。0 （Linux’95）。
1995 … August 21 ＇poss。 23＇ Windows ’95 was launched by Bill Gates &； Microsoft。 Unlike previous versions of Windows， Windows ’95 is an entire operating system … it does not rely on MS…DOS （although some remnants of the old operating system still exist）。 Windows ’95 was written specially for the 80386 and patible puters to make ’full’ use of its 32 bit processing and multitasking capabilities， and thus is much more similar to Windows NT than Windows 3。x。 Windows 95 and NT 4 are almost indistinguishable in many respects … such as User Interface and API。 Unfortunately， in order to maintain backwards patibility， Windows 95 doesn’t impose the same memory protection and security measures that NT does and so suffers from much worse reliability。 Despite being remarkable similar in function to OS/2 Warp （produced by IBM and Microsoft several years earlier， but marketed by IBM）， Windows ’95 has proved very popular。
1996 Windows ’95 OSR2 （OEM System Release 2） was released … partly to fix bugs found in release 1 … but only to puter retailers for sale with new systems。 There were actually two separated releases of Windows 95 OSR2 before the introduction of Windows ’98， the second of which contained both USB and FAT32 support … the main selling points of Windows ’98。 FAT32 is a new filing system that provides support for disk paritions bigger than 2。1GB and is better at coping with large disks （especially in terms of wasted space）。
1996 … June 9 Linux 2。0 released。 2。0 was a significant improvement over the earlier versions： it was the first to support multiple architectures （originally developed for the Intel 386 processor， it now supported the Digital Alpha and would very soon support Sun SPARC many others）。 It was also the first stable kernel to support SMP， kernel modules， and much more。
1998 … June 25 Microsoft released Windows ’98。 Some U。S。 attorneys tried to block it’s release since the new O/S interfaces closely with other programs such as Microsoft Inter Explorer and so effectively closes the market of such software to other panies。 Microsoft fought back with a letter to the White House suggesting that 26 of it’s industry allies said that a delay in the release of the new O/S could damage the U。S。 economy。 The main selling points of Windows ’98 were it’s support for USB and it’s support for disk paritions greater than 2。1GB。
1999 … Jan 25 Linux Kernel 2。2。0 Released。 The number of people running Linux is estimated at over 10million， making it an not only important operating system in the Unix world， but an increasingly important one in the PC world。
2000 … Feb 17 Offical Launch of Windows 2000 … Microsoft’s replacement for Windows 95/98 and Windows NT。 Claimed to be faster and more reliable than previous versions of Windows。 It is actually a descendant of the NT series， and so the trade…off for increased reliability is that it won’t run some old DOS…based games。 To keep the home market happy Microsoft have also released Windows ME， the newest member of the 95/98 series。
2001 … Jan 4 Linux kernel 2。4。0 released。
2001 … March 24 Apple released MacOS X。 At it’s heart is ‘Darwin’， an Open Source kernel based on FreeBSD。 Using this MacOS X finally gives Mac users the stabilty benifits of a protected memory architecture along many other enhancements， such as preemptive multitasking。 The BSD base also makes porting UNIX applications to MacOS easier and gives Mac users a fully featured mand line interface alongside their GUI。
2001 … October 25 Microsoft released Windows XP … the latest version of their Windows operating system。 Based on the NT series kernel， it is intended to bring together both the NT/2000 series and the Windows 95/98/ME series into one product。 Of， course， it was originally hoped that this would happen with Windows 2000 。。。 so only time will tell if Microsoft have suceeded with Windows XP。
Stephen White
第一章 回到过去
“轰隆隆……”
2010年7月14日，我茫然的走在街上，突然听到了几声闷雷。我知道，天就快要下雨了。我于是决定先放下自己悲伤的情绪，以便能准确查找周围的建筑，迅速发现是否有避雨的地方。
还好，不远处有一座亭子，我快步前行，当我到达亭子内后，雨刷的掉了下了。
当我为自己未被雨淋而感到尽幸时，可心中的那一股忧愁又油然而生了。我干脆把疲惫的身体躺卧那长凳上，接着把我手中的笔记本电脑提包搂在怀里。虽然这手提包里的笔记本是新买的，可里边的信息资料是我从20年前一点一点收集的许多的程序代码与技术开发文档，因为我的职业是从事计算机软件业的一名开发人员。
我苦笑着看着这台笔记本，然后又闭上双眼，而往事则一幕幕从心里浮现开来……
我出生于1970年5月2号，我今年40岁了，在一家有名外企软件公司工作。在一个月前，我的一位公司的高层领导跟我约会，给了我几份技术文档，说让我亲自单独把这里边未完成的任务在一个月内开发完成再交给他。当时我看了一下文档，里边的以前完成的任务所用的一些技术都十分前沿。我立刻知道了这位领导利用了我的性格，因为我这人心里只有技术还是技术。虽然也觉得有些不大对劲，可还是抵不住这里边的诱惑，并且在那位领导信誓旦旦的说要给我加薪等等好处，还私自送一台IBM最新出品的笔记本给我时，我自然二话没说便接了过来。可我没想到，还真的出问题了。一个月后，当我在这堆资料中学习与研究以前的那些程序与文档时，我居然被公司告了，说我泄漏了公司商业机密。最后，我找到了那位领导负责，可他死也不认，我也没有证据，最终可想而知，没办法，一切责任都由我担当了。
今天，我接到了法院的判决书，我知道，这次事件导致的罚款使得我20年工作的收入都没了，房子也没了，现在已经身败名裂，臭名远扬，在软件业真是呆不下去了的。各个公司的信用记录上我绝对进入了黑名册，真不知道还有哪家公司仍敢要我这没有职业道德的人，我十分悲伤，听着雨声掉到了地上，似乎又滴滴打在我的心里。
在高中时，我就迷上了微型计算机，微型计算机是微电子技术发展到大规模集成阶段的产物，它体积小、重量轻、好点少、可靠性高。当时的微型计算机可不像这时的那么普及，当时它的性能十分低，数量也少的可怜，价格更搞得可怕。到大学后，我选择了计算机科学与技术这个专业。当时我便我知道，我从此与计算机不可分离了。毕业后，我从一名最小的程序员做起。我更是一名技术狂，这就意味着我整天的学习与研究新的技术，和没日没夜的工作，当然，我并不觉得辛苦，反倒觉得那是快乐的事情。在软件行业上，我经历了高级程序员，到软件设计师，系统分析师，软件架构师，几乎所有的软件技术职业都做过；在操作系统，编译器，多媒体，WEB开发，计算机应用，企业管理应用等等领域，我都有做过与之相关的项目，所以我在中国软件业上也算得上是赫赫有名了。可是，作为一名技术人员的我，总是带有骄傲自大与孤芳自赏的性格，不仅缺少了对社会的交往，而且面对社会时总是带有逃避得态度。在潜意识里，我觉得我可以把自己的一切都奉献给了软件技术便问心无愧了。
“唉，这次真是糟到家了……”
现在我十分痛苦，我也在不断的思考与反问自己，我真的错了吗？我整日的不停的�
