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及8何蛍

war of the classes(竣雫況尸)-及8何蛍

弌傍�� war of the classes(竣雫況尸) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��




are they there�拭�What do they do�拭�

     In the first place�察�since the workers must compete for employment�察�it 

inevitably follows that it is the fit and efficient who find employment。 The 

skilled worker holds his place by virtue of his skill and efficiency。 Were he 



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less skilled�察�or were he unreliable or erratic�察�he would be swiftly replaced 

by   a   stronger   competitor。   The   skilled   and   steady   employments   are   not 

cumbered with clowns and idiots。 A man finds his place according to his 

ability and the needs of the system�察�and those without ability�察�or incapable 

of    satisfying    the  needs    of   the  system�察    �have   no   place。   Thus�察   �the   poor 

telegrapher may develop into an excellent wood´chopper。 But if the poor 

telegrapher cherishes the delusion that he is a good telegrapher�察�and at the 

same time disdains all other employments�察�he will have no employment at 

all�察�or he will be so poor at all other employments that he will work only 

now   and   again   in   lieu   of   better   men。   He   will   be   among   the   first   let   off 

when times are dull�察�and among the last taken on when times are good。 Or�察�

to the point�察�he will be a member of the surplus labor army。 

     So the conclusion is reached that the less fit and less efficient�察�or the 

unfit and inefficient�察�compose the surplus labor army。 Here are to be found 

the   men   who   have   tried   and   failed�察  �the   men   who   cannot   hold   jobs��the 

plumber apprentice who could not become a journeyman�察�and the plumber 

journeyman   too   clumsy   and   dull   to   retain   employment�察  �switchmen   who 

wreck   trains�察  �clerks   who   cannot   balance   books�察  �blacksmiths   who   lame 

horses�察�lawyers who cannot plead�察�in short�察�the failures of every trade and 

profession�察�and failures�察�many of   them�察�in divers trades and   professions。 

Failure   is   writ   large�察  �and   in   their   wretchedness   they   bear   the   stamp   of 

social   disapprobation。   Common   work�察  �any   kind   of   work�察  �wherever                 or 

however they can obtain it�察�is their portion。 

     But   these   hereditary   inefficients   do   not   alone   compose   the   surplus 

labor army。 There are the skilled but unsteady and unreliable men�察�and the 

old men�察�once skilled�察�but�察�with dwindling powers�察�no longer skilled。 ��3�� 

And there  are good   men�察 �too�察 �splendidly  skilled   and   efficient�察 �but   thrust 

out   of   the   employment   of   dying   or   disaster´   smitten   industries。   In   this 

connection it is not out of place to note the misfortune of the workers in 

the   British   iron   trades�察  �who   are   suffering   because   of American   inroads。 

And�察�last of all�察�are the unskilled laborers�察�the hewers of wood and drawers 

of    water�察  �the   ditch´diggers�察    �the   men    of   pick   and   shovel�察   �the   helpers�察�

lumpers�察�roustabouts。 If trade is slack on a seacoast of two thousand miles�察�

or the harvests are light in a great interior valley�察�myriads of these laborers 



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lie   idle�察 �or   make    life  miserable   for    their   fellows   in   kindred    unskilled 

employments。 

     A constant filtration goes on in the working world�察�and good material 

is   continually   drawn   from   the   surplus   labor   army。   Strikes   and   industrial 

dislocations shake up the workers�察�bring good men to the surface and sink 

men as good or not so good。 The hope of the skilled striker is in that the 

scabs are less skilled�察�or less capable of becoming skilled�察�yet each strike 

attests to the efficiency that lurks beneath。 After the Pullman strike�察�a few 

thousand   railroad   men   were   chagrined   to   find   the   work   they   had   flung 

down taken up by men as good as themselves。 

     But one thing   must be considered   here。 Under the present system�察 �if 

the weakest and least   fit were as strong   and fit as the best�察�and the   best 

were correspondingly stronger and fitter�察�the same condition would obtain。 

There   would   be   the   same   army   of   employed   labor�察  �the   same   army   of 

surplus labor。 The whole thing is relative。 There is no absolute standard of 

efficiency。 

       Comes   now   the   tramp。  And   all   conclusions   may   be   anticipated   by 

saying at once that he is a tramp because some one has to be a tramp。 If he 

left   the   ;road;    and   became     a  VERY   efficient       common       laborer�察  �some 

ORDINARILY  EFFICIENT   common   laborer   would   have   to   take   to   the 

;road。; The nooks and crannies are crowded by the surplus laborers�察�and 

when the first snow flies�察�and the tramps are driven into the cities�察�things 

become overcrowded and stringent police regulations are necessary。 

     The   tramp   is   one   of   two   kinds   of   men�此  �he   is   either   a   discouraged 

worker      or   a  discouraged       criminal。    Now     a   discouraged      criminal�察    �on 

investigation�察  �proves   to   be   a   discouraged   worker�察  �or   the   descendant   of 

discouraged        workers�察    �so   that�察  �in  the    last  analysis�察   �the    tramp    is  a 

discouraged   worker。   Since   there   is   not   work   for   all�察  �discouragement   for 

some   is   unavoidable。       How�察  �then�察  �does     this   process   of   discouragement 

operate�拭�

     The     lower    the  employment        in  the   industrial    scale�察 �the   harder    the 

conditions。   The   finer�察  �the   more   delicate�察  �the   more   skilled   the   trade�察  �the 

higher is it lifted above the struggle。 There is less pressure�察�less sordidness�察�

less savagery。 There are fewer glass´ blowers proportionate to the needs of 



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the glass´blowing industry than there are ditch´diggers proportionate to the 

needs   of   the   ditch´digging   industry。 And   not   only   this�察  �for   it   requires   a 

glass´ blower to take the place of a striking glass´blower�察�while any kind 

of   a   striker   or   out´of´work   can   take   the   place   of   a   ditch´digger。   So   the 

skilled trades are more independent�察�have more individuality and latitude。 

They   may   confer   with   their   masters�察  �make   demands�察  �assert   themselves。 

The unskilled laborers�察�on the other hand�察�have no voice in their affairs。 

The settlement of terms is none of their business。 ;Free contract; is all that 

remains   to   them。   They   may   take   what   is   offered�察  �or   leave   it。   There   are 

plenty  more   of   their   kind。 They  do   not   count。 They  are   members   of   the 

surplus labor army�察�and must be content with a hand´to´mouth existence。 

     The reward is likewise proportioned。 The strong�察�fit worker in a skilled 

trade�察�where there is little labor pressure�察�is well compensated。 He is a king 

compared   with   his   less   fortunate   brothers   in   the   unskilled   occupations 

where the labor pressure is great。 The mediocre worker not only is forced 

to   be   idle   a   large   portion   of   the   time�察  �but   when   employed   is   forced   to 

accept a pittance。 A dollar a day on some days and nothing on other days 

will hardly support a man and wife and send children to school。 And not 

only do the masters bear heavily upon him�察�and his own kind struggle for 

the morsel at his mouth�察�but all skilled and organized labor adds to his woe。 

Union   men   do   not   scab   on   one   another�察  �but   in   strikes�察  �or   when   work   is 

slack�察�it is considered ;fair; for them to descend and take away the work 

of the common laborers。 And take it away they do�察�for�察�as a matter of fact�察�

a   well´fed�察  �ambitious   machinist   or   a   core´maker   will   transiently   shovel 

coal better than an ill´fed�察�spiritless laborer。 

     Thus there is no encouragement for the unfit�察�inefficient�察�and mediocre。 

Their very inefficiency and mediocrity  make them helpless as cattle and 

add to their misery。 And the whole tendency for such is downward�察�until�察�

at the bottom of the social pit�察�they are wretched�察�inarticulate beasts�察�living 

like beasts�察�breeding like beasts�察�dying like beasts。 And how do they fare�察�

these creatures born mediocre�察�whose heritage is neither brains nor brawn 

nor    endurance�拭      �They    are   sweated     in  the   slums    in  an   atmosphere       of 

discouragement          and   despair。    There     is  no    strength    in   weakness�察     �no 

encouragement         in   foul   air�察 �vile  food�察  �and    dank    dens。   They    are   there 



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because they are so made that they are not fit to be higher up�察�but filth and 

obscenity do not strengthen the neck�察�nor does chronic emptiness of belly 

stiffen the back。 

     For the mediocre there is no hope。 Mediocrity is a sin。 Poverty is the 

penalty of failure��poverty�察�from whose loins spring the criminal and the 

tramp�察  �both   failures�察  �both   discouraged   workers。   Poverty   is   the   inferno 

where ignorance festers and vice corrodes�察�and where the physical�察�mental�察�

and moral parts of nature are aborted and denied。 

     That the charge of rashness in splashing the picture be not incurred�察�let 

the   following   authoritative   evidence   be   considered�此  �first�察  �the   work   and 

wages of mediocrity and inefficiency�察�and�察�second�察�the habitat�此�

     The New York Sun of February 28�察�1901�察�describes the opening of a 

factory in New York City by the American Tobacco Company。 Cheroots 

were to be made in 

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