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war of the classes(竣雫況尸)-及7何蛍

弌傍�� war of the classes(竣雫況尸) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��




in obtaining good employees。 The first morning mail brought her seventy´ 

five applications for the position�察�and at the end of two weeks over two 

hundred people had applied。 

     Still more strikingly was the same proposition recently demonstrated 

in   San   Francisco。 A  sympathetic   strike   called   out   a   whole   federation   of 

trades' unions。 Thousands of men�察�in many branches of trade�察�quit work�察�

draymen�察�sand teamsters�察�porters and packers�察�longshoremen�察�stevedores�察�

warehousemen�察  �stationary   engineers�察  �sailors�察  �marine   firemen�察  �stewards�察�

sea´cooks�察  �and   so   forth��an   interminable   list。   It   was   a   strike   of   large 

proportions。 Every Pacific coast shipping city was involved�察�and the entire 

coasting service�察 �from San   Diego   to Puget   Sound�察 �was virtually  tied up。 

The     time   was    considered     auspicious。     The    Philippines     and    Alaska    had 

drained the Pacific coast of surplus labor。 It was summer´time�察�when the 

agricultural   demand   for   laborers   was   at   its   height�察  �and   when   the   cities 

were bare of their floating populations。 And yet there remained a body of 

surplus labor sufficient to take the places of the strikers。 No matter what 

occupation�察       �sea´cook       or    stationary      engineer�察      �sand     teamster      or 

warehouseman�察  �in   every   case   there   was   an   idle   worker   ready   to   do   the 

work。 And not only ready but anxious。 They fought for a chance to work。 

Men were killed�察�hundreds of heads were broken�察�the hospitals were filled 

with   injured   men�察  �and   thousands   of   assaults   were   committed。   And   still 



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surplus laborers�察 �scabs�察─�came forward to replace the strikers。 

     The   question   arises�此  �WHENCE   CAME   THIS   SECOND  ARMY   OF 

WORKERS TO REPLACE THE FIRST ARMY�拭�One thing is certain�此�the 

trades'   unions   did   not   scab   on   one   another。 Another   thing   is   certain�此  �no 

industry   on   the   Pacific   slope   was   crippled   in   the   slightest   degree   by   its 

workers being drawn away to fill the places of the strikers。 A third thing is 

certain�此�the agricultural workers did not flock to the cities to replace the 

strikers。 In this last instance it is worth while to note that the agricultural 

laborers wailed to High Heaven when a few of the strikers went into the 

country  to   compete   with   them  in   unskilled   employments。   So   there is   no 

accounting for this second army of workers。 It simply was。 It was there all 

this   time�察  �a   surplus   labor   army   in   the   year   of   our   Lord   1901�察  �a   year 

adjudged most prosperous in the annals of the United States。 ��2�� 

     The     existence    of   the   surplus    labor   army     being    established�察    �there 

remains   to   be   established   the   economic   necessity   for   the   surplus   labor 

army。  The   simplest   and   most   obvious   need   is   that   brought   about   by   the 

fluctuation of production。 If�察�when production is at low ebb�察�all men are at 

work�察�it necessarily follows that when production increases there will be 

no men to do the increased work。 This may seem almost childish�察�and�察�if 

not childish�察�at least easily remedied。 At low ebb let the men work shorter 

time�察�at high flood let them work overtime。 The main objection to this is�察�

that it is not done�察�and that we are considering what is�察�not what might be 

or should be。 

     Then there are great irregular and periodical demands for labor which 

must     be   met。    Under     the   first  head    come     all  the   big    building    and 

engineering       enterprises。    When     a  canal    is  to  be  dug    or  a  railroad    put 

through�察�requiring thousands of laborers�察�it would be hurtful to withdraw 

these laborers from the constant industries。 And whether it is a canal to be 

dug or a cellar�察�whether five thousand men are required or five�察�it is well�察�

in society as at present organized�察�that they be taken from the surplus labor 

army。 The surplus labor army is the reserve fund of social energy�察�and this 

is one of the reasons for its existence。 

     Under      the   second     head�察   �periodical    demands�察      �come     the   harvests。 

Throughout   the   year�察  �huge   labor   tides   sweep   back   and   forth   across   the 



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United   States。   That   which   is   sown   and   tended   by   few   men�察  �comes   to 

sudden ripeness and must be gathered by many men�察�and it is inevitable 

that   these   many   men   form   floating   populations。   In   the   late   spring   the 

berries must be picked�察�in the summer the grain garnered�察�in the fall�察�the 

hops   gathered�察  �in   the   winter   the   ice  harvested。   In   California   a   man   may 

pick berries in Siskiyou�察�peaches in Santa Clara�察�grapes in the San Joaquin�察�

and oranges in Los Angeles�察�going from job to job as the season advances�察�

and   travelling   a   thousand   miles   ere   the   season   is   done。   But   the   great 

demand for agricultural labor is in the summer。 In the winter�察�work is slack�察�

and these floating populations eddy into the cities to eke out a precarious 

existence   and   harrow   the   souls   of   the   police   officers   until   the   return   of 

warm weather and work。 If there were constant work at good wages for 

every man�察�who would harvest the crops�拭�

     But   the   last   and   most    significant   need     for   the  surplus   labor     army 

remains to be stated。 This surplus labor acts as a check upon all employed 

labor。 It is the lash by which the masters hold the workers to their tasks�察�or 

drive   them   back   to   their   tasks   when   they   have   revolted。   It   is   the   goad 

which   forces   the   workers   into   the   compulsory   ;free   contracts;   against 

which they now and again rebel。 There is only one reason under the sun 

that strikes fail�察�and that is because there are always plenty of men to take 

the strikers' places。 

     The     strength    of  the   union    today�察   �other   things    remaining      equal�察  �is 

proportionate to the skill of the trade�察�or�察�in other words�察�proportionate to 

the pressure the surplus labor army can put upon it。 If a thousand ditch´ 

diggers strike�察�it is easy to replace them�察�wherefore the ditch´diggers have 

little   or   no   organized   strength。   But   a   thousand   highly   skilled   machinists 

are somewhat harder to replace�察�and in consequence the machinist unions 

are strong。 The ditch´diggers are wholly at the mercy of the surplus labor 

army�察  �the   machinists   only   partly。   To   be   invincible�察  �a   union   must   be   a 

monopoly。 It must control every man in its particular trade�察�and regulate 

apprentices so   that   the  supply  of   skilled   workmen   may  remain   constant�察�

this is the dream of the ;Labor Trust; on the part of the captains of labor。 

     Once�察  �in   England�察  �after   the   Great   Plague�察  �labor   awoke   to   find   there 

was more work for men than there were men to work。 Instead of workers 



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competing       for  favors   from    employers�察    �employers      were    competing     for 

favors from the workers。 Wages went up and up�察�and continued to go up�察�

until the workers demanded the full product of their toil。 Now it is clear 

that�察�when labor receives its full product capital must perish。 And so the 

pygmy capitalists of that post´Plague day found their existence threatened 

by   this   untoward     condition    of  affairs。   To  save   themselves�察     �they   set  a 

maximum wage�察�restrained the workers from moving about from place to 

place�察  �smashed   incipient   organization�察  �refused   to   tolerate   idlers�察  �and   by 

most barbarous legal penalties punished those who disobeyed。 After that�察�

things went on as before。 

     The point of this�察�of course�察�is to demonstrate the need of the surplus 

labor army。 Without such an army�察�our present capitalist society would be 

powerless。 Labor would organize as it never organized before�察�and the last 

least   worker   would   be   gathered   into   the unions。 The  full   product   of   toil 

would     be   demanded�察     �and   capitalist   society   would     crumble    away。    Nor 

could capitalist society save itself as did the post´Plague capitalist society。 

The     time   is  past   when    a   handful    of  masters�察   �by   imprisonment       and 

barbarous punishment�察�can drive the legions of the workers to their tasks。 

Without a surplus labor army�察�the courts�察�police�察�and military are impotent。 

In   such    matters   the   function    of  the  courts�察  �police�察  �and   military    is  to 

preserve order�察�and to fill the places of strikers with surplus labor。 If there 

be no surplus labor to instate�察�there is no function to perform�察�for disorder 

arises only during the process of instatement�察�when the striking labor army 

and   the   surplus    labor   army   clash    together。   That   is   to  say�察 �that  which 

maintains the integrity of the present industrial society more potently than 

the courts�察�police�察�and military is the surplus labor army。 

       It has been shown that there are more men than there is work for men�察�

and that the surplus labor army is an economic necessity。 To show how the 

tramp is a by´product of this economic necessity�察�it is necessary to inquire 

into the composition of the surplus labor army。 What men form it�拭�Why 

are they there�拭�What do they do�拭�

     In the first place�察�since the workers must compete for 

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