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the formation of vegetable mould-及22何蛍

弌傍�� the formation of vegetable mould 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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In the surrounding field�察�at a distance of 20 yards from the abbey�察�
the fine vegetable mould was 11 inches thick。

We may conclude from these facts that when the abbey was destroyed 
and the stones removed�察�a layer of rubbish was left over the whole 
surface�察�and that as soon as the worms were able to penetrate the 
decayed concrete and the joints between the tiles�察�they slowly 
filled up the interstices in the overlying rubbish with their 
castings�察�which were afterwards accumulated to a thickness of 
nearly three inches over the whole surface。  If we add to this 
latter amount the mould between the fragments of stones�察�some five 
or six inches of mould must have been brought up from beneath the 
concrete or tiles。  The concrete or tiles will consequently have 
subsided to nearly this amount。  The bases of the columns of the 
aisles are now buried beneath mould and turf。  It is not probable 
that they can have been undermined by worms�察�for their foundations 
would no doubt have been laid at a considerable depth。  If they 
have not subsided�察�the stones of which the columns were constructed 
must have been removed from beneath the former level of the floor。

Chedworth�察�Gloucestershire。The remains of a large Roman villa 
were discovered here in 1866�察�on ground which had been covered with 
wood from time immemorial。  No suspicion seems ever to have been 
entertained that ancient buildings lay buried here�察�until a 
gamekeeper�察�in digging for rabbits�察�encountered some remains。 ��55��  
But subsequently the tops of some stone walls were detected in 
parts of the wood�察�projecting a little above the surface of the 
ground。  Most of the coins found here belonged to Constans ��who 
died 350 A。D。�� and the Constantine family。  My sons Francis and 
Horace visited the place in November 1877�察�for the sake of 
ascertaining what part worms may have played in the burial of these 
extensive remains。  But the circumstances were not favourable for 
this object�察�as the ruins are surrounded on three sides by rather 
steep banks�察�down which earth is washed during rainy weather。  
Moreover most of the old rooms have been covered with roofs�察�for 
the protection of the elegant tesselated pavements。

A few facts may�察�however�察�be given on the thickness of the soil 
over these ruins。  Close outside the northern rooms there is a 
broken wall�察�the summit of which was covered by 5 inches of black 
mould�察�and in a hole dug on the outer side of this wall�察�where the 
ground had never before been disturbed�察�black mould�察�full of 
stones�察�26 inches in thickness�察�was found�察�resting on the 
undisturbed sub´soil of yellow clay。  At a depth of 22 inches from 
the surface a pig's jaw and a fragment of a tile were found。  When 
the excavations were first made�察�some large trees grew over the 
ruins�察�and the stump of one has been left directly over a party´
wall near the bath´room�察�for the sake of showing the thickness of 
the superincumbent soil�察�which was here 38 inches。  In one small 
room�察�which�察�after being cleared out�察�had not been roofed over�察�my 
sons observed the hole of a worm passing through the rotten 
concrete�察�and a living worm was found within the concrete。  In 
another open room worm´castings were seen on the floor�察�over which 
some earth had by this means been deposited�察�and here grass now 
grew。

Brading�察�Isle of Wight。A fine Roman villa was discovered here in 
1880�察�and by the end of October no less than 18 chambers had been 
more or less cleared。  A coin dated 337 A。D。  was found。  My son 
William visited the place before the excavations were completed�察�
and he informs me that most of the floors were at first covered 
with much rubbish and fallen stones�察�having their interstices 
completely filled up with mould�察�abounding�察�as the workmen said�察�
with worms�察�above which there was mould without any stones。  The 
whole mass was in most places from 3 to above 4 ft。 in thickness。  
In one very large room the overlying earth was only 2 ft。 6 in。 
thick�察�and after this had been removed�察�so many castings were 
thrown up between the tiles that the surface had to be almost daily 
swept。  Most of the floors were fairly level。  The tops of the 
broken´down walls were covered in some places by only 4 or 5 inches 
of soil�察�so that they were occasionally struck by the plough�察�but 
in other places they were covered by from 13 to 18 inches of soil。  
It is not probable that these walls could have been undermined by 
worms and subsided�察�as they rested on a foundation of very hard red 
sand�察�into which worms could hardly burrow。  The mortar�察�however�察�
between the stones of the walls of a hypocaust was found by my son 
to have been penetrated by many worm´burrows。  The remains of this 
villa stand on land which slopes at an angle of about 3 degrees�察�
and the land appears to have been long cultivated。  Therefore no 
doubt a considerable quantity of fine earth has been washed down 
from the upper parts of the field�察�and has largely aided in the 
burial of these remains。

Silchester�察�Hampshire。The ruins of this small Roman town have 
been better preserved than any other remains of the kind in 
England。  A broken wall�察�in most parts from 15 to 18 feet in height 
and about 1。5 mile in compass�察�now surrounds a space of about 100 
acres of cultivated land�察�on which a farm´house and a church stand。 
��56��  Formerly�察�when the weather was dry�察�the lines of the buried 
walls could be traced by the appearance of the crops�察�and recently 
very extensive excavations have been undertaken by the Duke of 
Wellington�察�under the superintendence of the late Rev。 J。 G。 Joyce�察�
by which means many large buildings have been discovered。  Mr。 
Joyce made careful coloured sections�察�and measured the thickness of 
each bed of rubbish�察�whilst the excavations were in progress�察�and 
he has had the kindness to send me copies of several of them。  When 
my sons Francis and Horace visited these ruins�察�he accompanied 
them�察�and added his notes to theirs。

Mr。 Joyce estimates that the town was inhabited by the Romans for 
about three centuries�察�and no doubt much matter must have 
accumulated within the walls during this long period。  It appears 
to have been destroyed by fire�察�and most of the stones used in the 
buildings have since been carried away。  These circumstances are 
unfavourable for ascertaining the part which worms have played in 
the burial of the ruins�察�but as careful sections of the rubbish 
overlying an ancient town have seldom or never before been made in 
England�察�I will give copies of the most characteristic portions of 
some of those made by Mr。 Joyce。  They are of too great length to 
be here introduced entire。

An east and west section�察�30 ft。 in length�察�was made across a room 
in the Basilica�察�now called the Hall of the Merchants ��Fig。 9��。  
The hard concrete floor�察�still covered here and there with 
tesserae�察�was found at 3 ft。 beneath the surface of the field�察�
which was here level。  On the floor there were two large piles of 
charred wood�察�one alone of which is shown in the part of the 
section here given。  This pile was covered by a thin white layer of 
decayed stucco or plaster�察�above which was a mass�察�presenting a 
singularly disturbed appearance�察�of broken tiles�察�mortar�察�rubbish 
and fine gravel�察�together 27 inches in thickness。  Mr。 Joyce 
believes that the gravel was used in making the mortar or concrete�察�
which has since decayed�察�some of the lime probably having been 
dissolved。  The disturbed state of the rubbish may have been due to 
its having been searched for building stones。  This bed was capped 
by fine vegetable mould�察�9 inches in thickness。  From these facts 
we may conclude that the Hall was burnt down�察�and that much rubbish 
fell on the floor�察�through and from which the worms slowly brought 
up the mould�察�now forming the surface of the level field。

A section across the middle of another hall in the Basilica�察�32 
feet 6 inches in length�察�called the AErarium�察�is shown in Fig。 10。  
It appears that we have here evidence of two fires�察�separated by an 
interval of time�察�during which the 6 inches of ;mortar and concrete 
with broken tiles; was accumulated。  Beneath one of the layers of 
charred wood�察�a valuable relic�察�a bronze eagle�察�was found�察�and this 
shows that the soldiers must have deserted the place in a panic。  
Owing to the death of Mr。 Joyce�察�I have not been able to ascertain 
beneath which of the two layers the eagle was found。  The bed of 
rubble overlying the undisturbed gravel originally formed�察�as I 
suppose�察�the floor�察�for it stands on a level with that of a 
corridor�察�outside the walls of the Hall�察�but the corridor is not 
shown in the section as here given。  The vegetable mould was 16 
inches thick in the thickest part�察�and the depth from the surface 
of the field�察�clothed with herbage�察�to the undisturbed gravel�察�was 
40 inches。

The section shown in Fig。 11 represents an excavation made in the 
middle of the town�察�and is here introduced because the bed of ;rich 
mould; attained�察�according to Mr。 Joyce�察�the unusual thickness of 
20 inches。  Gravel lay at the depth of 48 inches from the surface�察�
but it was not ascertained whether this was in its natural state�察�
or had been brought here and had been rammed down�察�as occurs in 
some other places。

The section shown in Fig。 12 was taken in the centre of the 
Basilica�察�and though it was 5 feet in depth�察�the natural sub´soil 
was not reached。  The bed marked ;concrete; was probably at one 
time a floor�察�and the beds beneath seem to be the remnants of more 
ancient buildings。  The vegetable mould was here only 9 inches 
thick。  In some other sections�察�not copied�察�we likewise have 
evidence of buildings having been erected over the ruins of older 
ones。  In one case there was a layer of yellow clay of very unequal 
thickness between two beds of debris�察�the lower one of which rested 
on a floor with tesserae。  The ancient broken walls appear to have 
been sometimes roughly cut down to a uniform level�察�so as to serve 
as the foundations for a temporary building�察�and Mr。 Joyce suspects 
that some of these buildings were wattled sheds�察�plastered with 
clay�察�which would a

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