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the formation of vegetable mould-及23何蛍

弌傍�� the formation of vegetable mould 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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that some of these buildings were wattled sheds�察�plastered with 
clay�察�which would account for the above´mentioned layer of clay。

Turning now to the points which more immediately concern us。  Worm´
castings were observed on the floors of several of the rooms�察�in 
one of which the tesselation was unusually perfect。  The tesserae 
here consisted of little cubes of hard sandstone of about 1 inch�察�
several of which were loose or projected slightly above the general 
level。  One or occasionally two open worm´burrows were found 
beneath all the loose tesserae。  Worms have also penetrated the old 
walls of these ruins。  A wall�察�which had just been exposed to view 
during the excavations then in progress�察�was examined�察�it was built 
of large flints�察�and was 18 inches in thickness。  It appeared 
sound�察�but when the soil was removed from beneath�察�the mortar in 
the lower part was found to be so much decayed that the flints fell 
apart from their own weight。  Here�察�in the middle of the wall�察�at a 
depth of 29 inches beneath the old floor and of 49。5 inches beneath 
the surface of the field�察�a living worm was found�察�and the mortar 
was penetrated by several burrows。

A second wall was exposed to view for the first time�察�and an open 
burrow was seen on its broken summit。  By separating the flints 
this burrow was traced far down in the interior of the wall�察�but as 
some of the flints cohered firmly�察�the whole mass was disturbed in 
pulling down the wall�察�and the burrow could not be traced to the 
bottom。  The foundations of a third wall�察�which appeared quite 
sound�察�lay at a depth of 4 feet beneath one of the floors�察�and of 
course at a considerably greater depth beneath the level of the 
ground。  A large flint was wrenched out of the wall at about a foot 
from the base�察�and this required much force�察�as the mortar was 
sound�察�but behind the flint in the middle of the wall�察�the mortar 
was friable�察�and here there were worm´burrows。  Mr。 Joyce and my 
sons were surprised at the blackness of the mortar in this and in 
several other cases�察�and at the presence of mould in the interior 
of the walls。  Some may have been placed there by the old builders 
instead of mortar�察�but we should remember that worms line their 
burrows with black humus。  Moreover open spaces would almost 
certainly have been occasionally left between the large irregular 
flints�察�and these spaces�察�we may feel sure�察�would be filled up by 
the worms with their castings�察�as soon as they were able to 
penetrate the wall。  Rain´water�察�oozing down the burrows would also 
carry fine dark´coloured particles into every crevice。  Mr。 Joyce 
was at first very sceptical about the amount of work which I 
attributed to worms�察�but he ends his notes with reference to the 
last´mentioned wall by saying�察 �This case caused me more surprise 
and brought more conviction to me than any other。  I should have 
said�察�and did say�察�that it was quite impossible such a wall could 
have been penetrated by earth´worms。;

In almost all the rooms the pavement has sunk considerably�察�
especially towards the middle�察�and this is shown in the three 
following sections。  The measurements were made by stretching a 
string tightly and horizontally over the floor。  The section�察�Fig。 
13�察�was taken from north to south across a room�察�18 feet 4 inches 
in length�察�with a nearly perfect pavement�察�next to the ;Red Wooden 
Hut。;  In the northern half�察�the subsidence amounted to 5。75 inches 
beneath the level of the floor as it now stands close to the walls�察�
and it was greater in the northern than in the southern half�察�but�察�
according to Mr。 Joyce�察�the entire pavement has obviously subsided。  
In several places�察�the tesserae appeared as if drawn a little away 
from the walls�察�whilst in other places they were still in close 
contact with them。

In Fig。 14�察�we see a section across the paved floor of the southern 
corridor or ambulatory of a quadrangle�察�in an excavation made near 
;The Spring。;  The floor is 7 feet 9 inches wide�察�and the broken´
down walls now project only 0。75 of an inch above its level。  The 
field�察�which was in pasture�察�here sloped from north to south�察�at an 
angle of 30 degrees�察�40 seconds。  The nature of the ground at some 
little distance on each side of the corridor is shown in the 
section。  It consisted of earth full of stones and other debris�察�
capped with dark vegetable mould which was thicker on the lower or 
southern than on the northern side。  The pavement was nearly level 
along lines parallel to the side´walls�察�but had sunk in the middle 
as much as 7。75 inches。

A small room at no great distance from that represented in Fig。 13�察�
had been enlarged by the Roman occupier on the southern side�察�by an 
addition of 5 feet 4 inches in breadth。  For this purpose the 
southern wall of the house had been pulled down�察�but the 
foundations of the old wall had been left buried at a little depth 
beneath the pavement of the enlarged room。  Mr。 Joyce believes that 
this buried wall must have been built before the reign of Claudius 
II。�察�who died 270 A。D。  We see in the accompanying section�察�Fig。 
15�察�that the tesselated pavement has subsided to a less degree over 
the buried wall than elsewhere�察�so that a slight convexity or 
protuberance here stretched in a straight line across the room。  
This led to a hole being dug�察�and the buried wall was thus 
discovered。

We see in these three sections�察�and in several others not given�察�
that the old pavements have sunk or sagged considerably。  Mr。 Joyce 
formerly attributed this sinking solely to the slow settling of the 
ground。  That there has been some settling is highly probable�察�and 
it may be seen in Fig。 15 that the pavement for a width of 5 feet 
over the southern enlargement of the room�察�which must have been 
built on fresh ground�察�has sunk a little more than on the old 
northern side。  But this sinking may possibly have had no 
connection with the enlargement of the room�察�for in Fig。 13 one 
half of the pavement has subsided more than the other half without 
any assignable cause。  In a bricked passage to Mr。 Joyce's own 
house�察�laid down only about six years ago�察�the same kind of sinking 
has occurred as in the ancient buildings。  Nevertheless it does not 
appear probable that the whole amount of sinking can be thus 
accounted for。  The Roman builders excavated the ground to an 
unusual depth for the foundations of their walls�察�which were thick 
and solid�察�it is therefore hardly credible that they should have 
been careless about the solidity of the bed on which their 
tesselated and often ornamented pavements were laid。  The sinking 
must�察�as it appears to me�察�be attributed in chief part to the 
pavement having been undermined by worms�察�which we know are still 
at work。  Even Mr。 Joyce at last admitted that this could not have 
failed to have produced a considerable effect。  Thus also the large 
quantity of fine mould overlying the pavements can be accounted 
for�察�the presence of which would otherwise be inexplicable。  My 
sons noticed that in one room in which the pavement had sagged very 
little�察�there was an unusually small amount of overlying mould。

As the foundations of the walls generally lie at a considerable 
depth�察�they will either have not subsided at all through the 
undermining action of worms�察�or they will have subsided much less 
than the floor。  This latter result would follow from worms not 
often working deep down beneath the foundations�察�but more 
especially from the walls not yielding when penetrated by worms�察�
whereas the successively formed burrows in a mass of earth�察�equal 
to one of the walls in depth and thickness�察�would have collapsed 
many times since the desertion of the ruins�察�and would consequently 
have shrunk or subsided。  As the walls cannot have sunk much or at 
all�察�the immediately adjoining pavement from adhering to them will 
have been prevented from subsiding�察�and thus the present curvature 
of the pavement is intelligible。

The circumstance which has surprised me most with respect to 
Silchester is that during the many centuries which have elapsed 
since the old buildings were deserted�察�the vegetable mould has not 
accumulated over them to a greater thickness than that here 
observed。  In most places it is only about 9 inches in thickness�察�
but in some places 12 or even more inches。  In Fig。 11�察�it is given 
as 20 inches�察�but this section was drawn by Mr。 Joyce before his 
attention was particularly called to this subject。  The land 
enclosed within the old walls is described as sloping slightly to 
the south�察�but there are parts which�察�according to Mr。 Joyce�察�are 
nearly level�察�and it appears that the mould is here generally 
thicker than elsewhere。  The surface slopes in other parts from 
west to east�察�and Mr。 Joyce describes one floor as covered at the 
western end by rubbish and mould to a thickness of 28。5 inches�察�and 
at the eastern end by a thickness of only 11。5 inches。  A very 
slight slope suffices to cause recent castings to flow downwards 
during heavy rain�察�and thus much earth will ultimately reach the 
neighbouring rills and streams and be carried away。  By this means�察�
the absence of very thick beds of mould over these ancient ruins 
may�察�as I believe�察�be explained。  Moreover most of the land here 
has long been ploughed�察�and this would greatly aid the washing away 
of the finer earth during rainy weather。

The nature of the beds immediately beneath the vegetable mould in 
some of the sections is rather perplexing。  We see�察�for instance�察�
in the section of an excavation in a grass meadow ��Fig。 14���察�which 
sloped from north to south at an angle of 30 degrees 40 seconds�察�
that the mould on the upper side is only six inches and on the 
lower side nine inches in thickness。  But this mould lies on a mass 
��25。5 inches in thickness on the upper side�� ;of dark brown mould�察─�
as described by Mr。 Joyce�察 �thickly interspersed with small pebbles 
and bits of tiles�察�which present a corroded or worn appearance。  
The state of this dark´coloured earth is like that of a field which 
has long been ploughed�察�for the earth thus becomes intermingled 
with stones and fragme

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