madam how and lady why(裟健繁才山溺平)-及11何蛍
梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
the world�察�I believe�察�is�察�or has been once�察�of the shape which you see in the
drawing opposite�察�even those volcanos in the Sandwich Islands�察�of which
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MADAM HOW AND LADY WHY
you have often heard�察�which are now great lakes of boiling fire upon flat
downs�察 �without any cone to them at all。 They�察 �I believe�察 �are volcanos
which have fallen in ages ago�此 �just as in Java a whole burning mountain
fell in on the night of the 11th of August�察�in the year 1772。 Then�察�after a
short and terrible earthquake�察�a bright cloud suddenly covered the whole
mountain。 The people who dwelt around it tried to escape�察�but before the
poor souls could get away the earth sunk beneath their feet�察�and the whole
mountain fell in and was swallowed up with a noise as if great cannon
were being fired。 Forty villages and nearly 3000 people were destroyed�察�
and where the mountain had been was only a plain of red´hot stones。 In
the same way�察�in the year 1698�察�the top of a mountain in Quito fell in in a
single night�察�leaving only two immense peaks of rock behind�察�and pouring
out great floods of mud mixed with dead fish�察�for there are underground
lakes among those volcanos which swarm with little fish which never see
the light。
But most volcanos as I say�察 �are�察 �or have been�察 �the shape of the one
which you see here。 This is Cotopaxi�察�in Quito�察�more than 19��000 feet in
height。 All those sloping sides are made of cinders and ashes�察 �braced
together�察�I suppose�察�by bars of solid lava´stone inside�察�which prevent the
whole from crumbling down。 The upper part�察�you see�察�is white with snow�察�
as far down as a line which is 15��000 feet above the sea�察�for the mountain
is in the tropics�察�close to the equator�察�and the snow will not lie in that hot
climate any lower down。 But now and then the snow melts off and
rushes down the mountain side in floods of water and of mud�察 �and the
cindery cone of Cotopaxi stands out black and dreadful against the clear
blue sky�察�and then the people of that country know what is coming。 The
mountain is growing so hot inside that it melts off its snowy covering�察�and
soon it will burst forth with smoke and steam�察 �and red´hot stones and
earthquakes�察�which will shake the ground�察�and roars that will be heard�察�it
may be�察�hundreds of miles away。
And now for the words cone�察 �crater�察 �lava。 If I can make you
understand those words�察�you will see why volcanos must be in general of
the shape of Cotopaxi。
Cone�察 �crater�察 �lava�此 �those words make up the alphabet of volcano
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MADAM HOW AND LADY WHY
learning。 The cone is the outside of a huge chimney�察 �the crater is the
mouth of it。 The lava is the ore which is being melted in the furnace
below�察�that it may flow out over the surface of the old land�察�and make new
land instead。
And where is the furnace itself�拭 �Who can tell that�拭 �Under the roots
of the mountains�察�under the depths of the sea�察�down ;the path which no
fowl knoweth�察 �and which the vulture's eye hath not seen�此 �the lion's
whelp hath not trodden it�察 �nor the fierce lion passed by it。 There He
putteth forth His hand upon the rock�察�He overturneth the mountain by the
roots�察 �He cutteth out rivers among the rocks�察 �and His eye seeth every
precious thing;while we�察 �like little ants�察 �run up and down outside the
earth�察�scratching�察�like ants�察�a few feet down�察�and calling that a deep ravine�察�
or peeping a few feet down into the crater of a volcano�察�unable to guess
what precious things may lie belowbelow even the fire which blazes and
roars up through the thin crust of the earth。 For of the inside of this earth
we know nothing whatsoever�此 �we only know that it is�察 �on an average�察�
several times as heavy as solid rock�察�but how that can be�察�we know not。
So let us look at the chimney�察�and what comes out of it�察�for we can see
very little more。
Why is a volcano like a cone�拭�
For the same cause for which a molehill is like a cone�察�though a very
rough one�察�and that the little heaps which the burrowing beetles make on
the moor�察 �or which the ant´lions in France make in the sand�察 �are all
something in the shape of a cone�察�with a hole like a crater in the middle。
What the beetle and the ant´lion do on a very little scale�察�the steam inside
the earth does on a great scale。 When once it has forced a vent into the
outside air�察�it tears out the rocks underground�察�grinds them small against
each other�察�often into the finest dust�察�and blasts them out of the hole which
it has made。 Some of them fall back into the hole�察�and are shot out again�此�
but most of them fall round the hole�察�most of them close to it�察�and fewer of
them farther off�察�till they are piled up in a ring round it�察�just as the sand is
piled up round a beetle's burrow。 For days�察�and weeks�察�and months this
goes on�察�even it may be for hundreds of years�此 �till a great cone is formed
round the steam vent�察�hundreds or thousands of feet in height�察�of dust and
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MADAM HOW AND LADY WHY
stones�察 �and of cinders likewise。 For recollect�察 �that when the steam has
blown away the cold earth and rock near the surface of the ground�察 �it
begins blowing out the hot rocks down below�察�red´hot�察�white´hot�察�and at
last actually melted。 But these�察�as they are hurled into the cool air above�察�
become ashes�察 �cinders�察 �and blocks of stone again�察 �making the hill on
which they fall bigger and bigger continually。 And thus does wise
Madam How stand in no need of bricklayers�察 �but makes her chimneys
build themselves。
And why is the mouth of the chimney called a crater�拭�
Crater�察 �as you know�察 �is Greek for a cup。 And the mouth of these
chimneys�察�when they have become choked and stopped working�察�are often
just the shape of a cup�察 �or ��as the Germans call them�� kessels�察 �which
means kettles�察�or caldrons。 I have seen some of them as beautifully and
exactly rounded as if a cunning engineer had planned them�察�and had them
dug out with the spade。 At first�察 �of course�察 �their sides and bottom are
nothing but loose stones�察�cinders�察�slag�察�ashes�察�such as would be thrown out
of a furnace。 But Madam How�察�who�察�whenever she makes an ugly desolate
place�察�always tries to cover over its ugliness�察�and set something green to
grow over it�察�and make it pretty once more�察�does so often and often by her
worn´out craters。 I have seen them covered with short sweet turf�察�like so
many chalk downs。 I have seen them�察�too�察�filled with bushes�察�which held
woodcocks and wild boars。 Once I came on a beautiful round crater on the
top of a mountain�察�which was filled at the bottom with a splendid crop of
potatoes。 Though Madam How had not put them there herself�察�she had at
least taught the honest Germans to put them there。 And often Madam
How turns her worn´out craters into beautiful lakes。 There are many
such crater´lakes in Italy�察�as you will see if ever you go there�察�as you may
see in English galleries painted by Wilson�察�a famous artist who died before
you were born。 You recollect Lord Macaulay's ballad�察 �The Battle of the
Lake Regillus;�拭 �Then that Lake Regillus ��if I recollect right�� is one of
these round crater lakes。 Many such deep clear blue lakes have I seen in
the Eifel�察 �in Germany�察 �and many a curious plant have I picked on their
shores�察�where once the steam blasted�察�and the earthquake roared�察�and the
ash´clouds rushed up high into the heaven�察�and buried all the land around
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in dust�察�which is now fertile soil。 And long did I puzzle to find out why
the water stood in some craters�察 �while others�察 �within a mile of them
perhaps�察 �were perfectly dry。 That I never found out for myself。 But
learned men tell me that the ashes which fall back into the crater�察�if the
bottom of it be wet from rain�察�will sometimes ;set; ��as it is called�� into a
hard cement�察�and so make the bottom of the great bowl waterproof�察�as if it
were made of earthenware。
But what gives the craters this cup´shape at first�拭�
ThinkWhile the steam and stones are being blown out�察�the crater is
an open funnel�察 �with more or less upright walls inside。 As the steam
grows weaker�察�fewer and fewer stones fall outside�察�and more and more fall
back again inside。 At last they quite choke up the bottom of the great
round hole。 Perhaps�察�too�察�the lava or melted rock underneath cools and
grows hard�察�and that chokes up the hole lower down。 Then�察�down from
the round edge of the crater the stones and cinders roll inward more and
more。 The rains wash them down�察�the wind blows them down。