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se words�此  �Ye must have heard of the agreement which I and Hardaknut made�察 �that he of us two who survived the other should have all the land and people which the deceased had possessed。  Now it has so turned out�察�as ye have no doubt heard�察�that I have taken the Danish dominions as my heritage after Hardaknut。  But before he departed this life he had England as well as Denmark�察�therefore I consider myself now�察�in consequence of my rights by this agreement�察�to own England also。  Now I will therefore that thou deliver to me the kingdom�察�otherwise I will seek to take it by arms�察�both from Denmark and Norway�察�and let him rule the land to whom fate gives the victory。;



39。 KING EDWARD'S ANSWER TO KING MAGNUS'S LETTER。

Now when King Edward had read this letter�察�he replied thus�此 �It is known to all men in this country that King Ethelred�察�my father�察�was udal´born to this kingdom�察�both after the old and new law of inheritance。  We were four sons after him�察�and when he by death left the throne my brother Edmund took the government and kingdom�察�for he was the oldest of us brothers�察�and I was well satisfied that it was so。  And after him my stepfather�察�Canute the Great�察�took the kingdom�察�and as long as he lived there was no access to it。  After him my brother Harald was king as long as he lived�察�and after him my brother Hardaknut took the kingdoms both of Denmark and England�察�for he thought that a just brotherly division that he should have both England and Denmark�察�and that I should have no kingdom at all。  Now he died�察�and then it was the resolution of all the people of the country to take me for king here in England。  So long as I had no kingly title I served only superiors in all respects�察�like those who had no claims by birth to land or kingdom。  Now�察�however�察�I have received the kingly title�察�and am consecrated king。  I have established my royal dignity and authority�察�as my father before me�察�and while I live I will not renounce my title。  If King Magnus come here with an army�察�I will gather no army against him�察�but he shall only get the opportunity of taking England when he has taken my life。  Tell him these words of mine。;  The ambassadors went back to King Magnus�察�and told him the answer to their message。  King Magnus reflected a while�察�and answered thus�此 �I think it wisest�察�and will succeed best�察�to let King Edward have his kingdom in peace for me�察�and that I keep the kingdoms God has put into my hands。; 



SAGA OF HARALD HARDRADE。


PRELIMINARY REMARKS。

Harald�察�son of Sigurd Syr�察�was born in the year A。D。 1015�察�and left Norway A。D。 1030。  He was called Hardrade�察�that is�察�the severe counsellor�察�the tyrant�察�though the Icelanders never applied this epithet to him。  Harald helped the Icelanders in the famine of A。D。 1056�察�and sent them timber for a church at Thingvol。  It was the Norwegians who gave him the name tyrant in contrast to the ;debonairete; of Magnus。  He came to Norway in A。D。 1046�察�and became sole king in A。D。 1047。  He died in A。D。 1066�察�and his son and successor Magnus died in A。D。 1069。

His saga is to be compared with ;Agrip;�察 �Fagrskinna;�察�and ;Morkinskinna;。

The skalds quoted are�此�Thiodolf�察�Bolverk�察�Illuge Bryndalaskald�察�Stuf the skald�察�Thorarin Skeggjason�察�Valgard o' Val�察�Od Kikinaskald�察�Grane Skald�察�Thorleik the Fair�察�Stein Herdison�察�Ulf the Marshal�察�Arnor the earls' skald�察�Thorkel Skallason�察�and King Harald Hardrade himself。



1。 HARALD ESCAPES FROM THE BATTLE OF STIKLESTAD。

Harald�察�son of Sigurd Syr�察�brother of Olaf the Saint�察�by the same mother�察�was at the battle of Stiklestad�察�and was fifteen years old when King Olaf the Saint fell�察�as was before related。  Harald was wounded�察�and escaped with other fugitives。  So says Thiodolf�此�

     ;At Haug the fire´sparks from his shield      Flew round the king's head on the field�察     �As blow for blow�察�for Olaf's sake�察     �His sword and shield would give and take。       Bulgaria's conqueror�察�I ween�察     �Had scarcely fifteen winters seen�察     �When from his murdered brother's side      His unhelmed head he had to hide。;

Ragnvald Brusason led Harald from the battle�察�and the night after the fray took him to a bonde who dwelt in a forest far from other people。  The peasant received Harald�察�and kept him concealed�察�and Harald was waited upon until he was quite cured of his wounds。 Then the bonde's son attended him on the way east over the ridge of the land�察�and they went by all the forest paths they could�察�avoiding the common road。  The bonde's son did not know who it was he was attending�察�and as they were riding together between two uninhabited forests�察�Harald made these verses��

     ;My wounds were bleeding as I rode�察     �And down below the bondes strode�察     �Killing the wounded with the sword�察     �The followers of their rightful lord。      From wood to wood I crept along�察     �Unnoticed by the bonde´throng�察      �Who knows��' I thought�察 �a day may come      My name will yet be great at home。';

He went eastward over the ridge through Jamtaland and Helsingjaland�察�and came to Svithjod�察�where he found Ragnvald Brusason�察�and many others of King Olaf's men who had fled from the battle at Stiklestad�察�and they remained there till winter was over。



2。 HARALD'S JOURNEY TO CONSTANTINOPLE。

The spring after ��A。D。 1031�� Harald and Ragnvald got ships�察�and went east in summer to Russia to King Jarisleif�察�and were with him all the following winter。  So says the skald Bolverk�此�

     ;The king's sharp sword lies clean and bright�察     �Prepared in foreign lands to fight�此     �Our ravens croak to have their fill�察     �The wolf howls from the distant hill。      Our brave king is to Russia gone�察      �Braver than he on earth there's none�察     �His sharp sword will carve many feast      To wolf and raven in the East。;

King Jarisleif gave Harald and Ragnvald a kind reception�察�and made Harald and Ellif�察�the son of Earl Ragnvald�察�chiefs over the land´defence men of the king。  So says Thiodolf�此�

     ;Where Ellif was�察�one heart and hand      The two chiefs had in their command�察     �In wedge or line their battle order      Was ranged by both without disorder。      The eastern Vindland men they drove      Into a corner�察�and they move      The Lesians�察�although ill at ease�察     �To take the laws their conquerors please。;

Harald remained several years in Russia�察�and travelled far and wide in the Eastern land。  Then he began his expedition out to Greece�察�and had a great suite of men with him�察�and on he went to Constantinople。  So says Bolverk�此�

     ;Before the cold sea´curling blast      The cutter from the land flew past�察     �Her black yards swinging to and fro�察     �Her shield´hung gunwale dipping low。      The king saw glancing o'er the bow      Constantinople's metal glow      From tower and roof�察�and painted sails      Gliding past towns and wooded vales。;



3。 OF HARALD。

At that time the Greek empire was ruled by the Empress Zoe the Great�察�and with her Michael Catalactus。  Now when Harald came to Constantinople he presented himself to the empress�察�and went into her pay�察�and immediately�察�in autumn�察�went on board the galleys manned with troops which went out to the Greek sea。  Harald had his own men along with him。  Now Harald had been but a short time in the army before all the Varings flocked to him�察�and they all joined together when there was a battle。  It thus came to pass that Harald was made chief of the Varings。  There was a chief over all the troops who was called Gyrger�察�and who was a relation of the empress。  Gyrger and Harald went round among all the Greek islands�察�and fought much against the corsairs。



4。 OF HARALD AND GYRGER CASTING LOTS。

It happened once that Gyrger and the Varings were going through the country�察�and they resolved to take their night quarters in a wood�察�and as the Varings came first to the ground�察�they chose the place which was best for pitching their tents upon�察�which was the highest ground�察�for it is the nature of the land there to be soft when rain falls�察�and therefore it is bad to choose a low situation for your tents。  Now when Gyrger�察�the chief of the army�察�came up�察�and saw where the Varings had set up their tents�察�he told them to remove�察�and pitch their tents elsewhere�察�saying he would himself pitch his tents on their ground。  Harald replies�察 �If ye come first to the night quarter�察�ye take up your ground�察�and we must go pitch our tents at some other place where we best can。  Now do ye so�察�in the same way�察�and find a place where ye will。  It is�察�I think�察�the privilege of us Varings here in the dominions of the Greek emperor to be free�察�and independent of all but their own commanders�察�and bound only to serve the emperor and empress。;  They disputed long and hotly about this�察�and both sides armed themselves�察�and were on the way to fight for it�察�but men of understanding came between and separated them。 They said it would be better to come to an agreement about such questions�察�so that in future no dispute could arise。  It came thus to an arbitration between them�察�at which the best and most sagacious men should give their judgment in the case。  At this arbitration it was determined�察�with the consent of all parties�察�that lots should be thrown into a box�察�and the Greeks and Varings should draw which was first to ride�察�or to row�察�or to take place in a harbour�察�or to choose tent ground�察�and each side should be satisfied with what the drawing of the lots gave them。  Accordingly the lots were made and marked。  Harald said to Gyrger�察 �Let me see what mark thou hast put upon thy lot�察�that we may not both mark our lots in the same way。;  He did so。  Then Harald marked his lot�察�and put it into the box along with the other。  The man who was to draw out the lots then took up one of the lots between his fingers�察�held it up in the air�察�and said�察 �This lot shall be the first to ride�察�and to row�察�and to take place in harbour and on the tent field。;  Harald seized his band�察�snatched the die�察�and threw it into the sea�察�and called out�察 �That was our lot� ─ �Gyrger said�察 �Why did you not let other people see it�拭─ �Harald replies�察 �Look at the one remaining in the box�察 �there you see your own mark upon it。;  Accordingly the lot which was left behind was examined�察�and all men saw that Gyrger's mark was upon it�察�and

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