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梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
more were added�察�so that in the last heating 74 1/2 lbs。 of wood only were consumed。
GENERAL RESULTS of these EXPERIMENTS。
The ingredients employed in making the bread in these six experiments were as follows�此�viz。
lbs。 loths。 Of rye meal�察 �1736 0 Of water�察 �1061 5 Of salt�察 �15 0 ´ In all�察�2812 5 in weight。
Of this mass 1102 loaves of bread were formed�察�each of which�察�before it was baked�察�weighed 2 1/2 lbs。�察�consequently�察�these 1102 loaves�察�before they were put into the oven�察�weighed 2755 lbs。�此�but the ingredients used in making them weighed 2812 lbs。 5 loths。 Hence it appears�察�that the loss of weight in these six experiments�察�in preparing the leaven��from evaporation�察�before the bread was put into the oven��from waste�察�etc。amounted to no less than 57 lbs。 5 loths。
In subsequent experiments�察�where less water was used�察�this loss appeared to be less by more than one half。
In these experiments 1061 lbs。 5 loths of water were used to 1736 lbs。 of meal�察�which gives 61 lbs。 4 3/4 loths of water to 100 lbs。 of meal。 But subsequent experiments showed 56 lbs。 of water to be quite sufficient for 100 lbs。 of the meal。
These 1102 loaves�察�when baked�察�weighed at a medium 2 lbs。 5 1/2 loths each�察�consequently�察�taken together�察�they weighed 2393 lbs。 13 loths�此�and as they weighed 2755 lbs。 when they were put into the oven�察�they must have lost 361 lbs。 19 loths in being baked�察�which gives 10 1/2 loths�察�equal to 21/160 or nearly 1/8 of its original weight before it was baked�察�for the diminution of the weight of each loaf。
According to the standing regulations of the baking business carried on in the bakehouse of the Military Workhouse at Munich�察�for each 100 lbs。 of rye meal which the baker receives from the store´keeper�察�he is obliged to deliver 139 lbs。 of well´baked bread�察�namely�察�64 loaves�察�each weighing 2 lbs。 5 1/2 loths。 And as in the before´mentioned six experiments�察�1736 lbs。 of meal were used�察�it is evident that 1111 loaves�察�instead of 1102 loaves�察�ought to have been produced�察�for 100 lbs。 of meal are to 64 loaves as 1736 lbs�察�to 1111 loaves。 Hence it appears that 9 loaves less were produced in these experiments than ought to have been produced。
There were reasons to suspect that this was so contrived by the baker�察�with a design to get the number of loaves he was obliged to deliver for each 100 lbs。 of meal lessened��but in this attempt he did not succeed。
Quantity of Fuel consumed in these Experiments。
Dry pine´wood。 lbs。 loths。 In heating the oven first time�察 �366 16 second time�察 �134 16 third time�察 �100 0 fourth time�察 �90 0 fifth time�察 �80 0 sixth time�察 �74 16 Total�察 �845 16 Employed in keeping up a small fire near the mouth of the oven while the bread was putting into it�察 �34 16
Total consumption of wood in the six experiments�察 �880 lbs。
The results of these experiments show�察�in a striking manner�察�how important it is to the saving of fuel in baking bread�察�to keep the oven continually going�察�without ever letting it cool�此�for in the first experiment when the oven was cold�察�when it was begun to be heated�察�the quantity of wood required to heat it was 366 1/2 lbs。�察�but in the sixth experiment�察�after the oven had been well warmed in the preceding experiments�察�the quantity of fuel required was only 74 1/2 lbs。
As in these experiments 2393 lbs。 13 loths of bread were baked with the heat generated in the combustion of 880 lbs。 of wood�察�this gives to each pound of bread 11 1/3 loths�察�or 34/96 of a pound�察�of wood。
In the fifth experiment�察�or batch�察�186 loaves weighing ��at 2 lbs。 5 1/2 loths each�� 304 lbs。 were baked�察�and only 80 lbs。 of wood consumed�察�which gives but a trifle more than 1/4 of a pound of wood to each pound of bread�察�or 1 pound of wood to 4 pounds of bread。
As each loaf weighed 2 lbs。 16 loths when it was put into the oven�察�and only 2 lbs。 5 1/2 loths when it came out of it�察�the loss of weight each loaf sustained in being baked was 10 1/2 loths�察�as has already been observed。 Now this loss of weight could only arise from the evaporation of the superabundant water existing in the dough�察�and as it is known how much heat�察�and consequently HOW MUCH FUEL is required to reduce any given quantity of water�察�at any given temperature�察�to steam�察�it is possible�察�from these data�察�to determine how much fuel would be required to bake any given quantity of bread�察�upon the supposition that NO PART OF THE HEAT GENERATED IN THE COMBUSTION OF THE FUEL WAS LOST�察�either in heating the apparatus�察�or in any other way�察�but that the whole of it was employed in baking the bread�察�and in that process alone。 And though these computations will not show how the heat which is lost might be saved�察�yet�察�as they ascertain what the amount of this loss really is in any given case�察�they enable us to determine�察�with a considerable degree of precision�察�not only the relative merit of different arrangements for economizing fuel in the process of baking�察�but they show also�察�at the sane time�察�the precise distance of each from that point of perfection�察�where any farther improvements would be impossible�此�And on that account�察�these computations are certainly interesting。
In computing how much heat is NECESSARY to bake any given quantity of bread�察�it will tend much to simplify the investigation�察�if we consider the loaf as being first heated to the temperature of boiling water�察�and then baked in consequence of its redundant water being sent off from it in steam。
But as the dough is composed of two different substances�察�viz。 rye meal and water�察�and as these substances have been found by experiment to contain different quantities of absolute heat�察�or�察�in other words�察�to require different quantities of heat�察�to heat equal quantities or weights of them to any given temperature�察�or any given number of degrees�察�it will be necessary to determine how much of each of the ingredients is employed in forming any given quantity of dough。
Now�察�in the foregoing experiments�察�as 1102 loaves of bread were formed of 1736 lbs。 of rye meal�察�it appears�察�that there must have been 1。47 lb。 of the meal in each loaf�察�and as these loaves weighed 2 1/2 lbs。 each when they were put into the oven�察�each of them must�察�in a state of dough�察�have been composed of 1。47 lb。 of rye meal�察�and 1。03 lb。 of water。
Supposing these loaves to have been at the temperature of 55 degrees of Fahrenheit's Thermometer when they were put into the oven�察�the heat necessary to heat one of them to the temperature of 212 degrees�察�or the point of boiling water�察�may be thus computed。
By an experiment�察�of which I intend hereafter to give an account to the Public�察�I found�察�that 20 lbs。 of ice´cold water might be made to boil�察�with the heat generated in the combustion of 1 lb。 of dry pine´wood�察�such as was used in baking the bread in the six experiments before mentioned。 Now�察�if 20 lbs。 of water may be heated 180 degrees�察。�namely from 32 to 212 degrees�撮� by the heat generated in the combustion of 1 lb。 of wood�察�1。03 lb。 of water may be heated 157 degrees�察。�from 55 degrees�察�or temperate�察�to 212 degrees�撮� with 0。4436 of a pound of the wood。
Suppose now that rye meal contained the same quantity of absolute heat as water��as the quantity of meal in each loaf�察�was 1。47 lb。�察�it appears�察�that this quantity would have required�察。�upon the above supposition�撮� to heat it from the temperature of 55 degrees�察�to that of 212 degrees�察�a quantity of heat equal to that which would be generated in the combustion of 0。06405 of a pound of the wood in question。
But it appears�察�by the result of experiments published by Dr。 Crawford�察�that the quantities of heat required to heat any number of degrees�察�the same given quantity ��in weight�� of water and of wheat�察。�and it is presumed�察�that the specific or absolute heat of rye cannot be very different from that of wheat�撮� are to each other�察�as 2。9 to 1��water requiring more heat to it�察�than the grain in that proportion�此�Consequently�察�the quantity of wood required to heat from 55 to 212 degrees�察�the 1。47 lb。 of rye meal which entered into the composition of each loaf�察�instead of being 。06405 of a pound�察�as above determined�察�upon the false supposition that the specific heat of water and that of rye were the same�察�would�察�in fact�察�amount to no more than 0。02899�察�for 2。9 ��the specific heat of water�� is to 1 ��the specific heat of rye���察�as 0。06405 is to 0。02899。
Hence it appears�察�that the wood required as fuel to heat ��from the temperature of 55 degrees to that of 212 degrees�� a loaf of rye bread ��in the state of dough���察�weighing 2 1/2 lbs。�察�would be as follows�察�namely��
Of pine´wood�察�To heat 1。03 lb。 of water�察�which enters into the composition of the dough�察 �。 0。04436
To heat the rye meal�察�1。47 lb in weight�察 �。 0。02899 Total�察 �0。07335 lb。
To complete the computation of the quantity of fuel necessary in the process of baking bread�察�it remains to determine�察�how much heat is required�察�to send off in steam�察�from one of the loaves in question ��after it has been heated to the temperature of 212 degrees���察�the 10 1/2 loths�察�equal to 21/64 of a pound of water�察�which each loaf is known to lose in being baked。
Now it appears�察�from the result of Mr。 Watt's ingenious experiments on the quantity of latent heat in steam�察�that the quantity of heat necessary to change any given quantity of water ALREADY BOILING HOT to steam�察�is about five times and a half greater than would be sufficient to heat the same quantity of water�察�from the temperature of freezing�察�to that of boiling water。
But we have just observed�察�that 20 lbs。 of ice´cold water may be heated to the boiling point�察�with the heat generated in the combustion of 1 lb。 of pine´wood�察�it appears therefore that 20 lbs。 of boiling water would require 5 1/2 times as much�察�or 5 1/2 lbs