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�察�it appears therefore that 20 lbs。 of boiling water would require 5 1/2 times as much�察�or 5 1/2 lbs。 of wood to reduce it to steam。

And if 20 lbs。 of boiling water require 5 1/2 lbs。 of wood�察�21/64 of a pound of water boiling hot will require 0。09023 of a pound of wood to reduce it to steam。

If now�察�to this quantity of fuel�察   �0。09023 lb。 we add that necessary for heating the loaf to the temperature of boiling water�察�as above determined�察       �0。07335 lb。                                           this gives the total quantity of fuel necessary for baking one of these loaves of bread�察               �0。16353 lb。

Now as these loaves�察�when baked into bread�察�weighed 2 lbs。 5 1/2 loths = 2 11/64 lbs。 each and required�察�in being baked�察�the consumption of 0。16353 of a pound of wood�察�this gives for the expence of fuel in baking bread 0。07532 of a pound of pine´wood to each pound of rye bread�察�which is about 13 1/4 lbs。 of bread to each pound of wood。

But we have seen�察�from the results of the before´mentioned experiments�察�that when the bread was baked under circumstances the most favourable to the economy of fuel�察�no less than 80 lbs。 of pine´wood were employed in heating the oven to bake 304 lbs。 of bread�察�which gives less than 4 lbs。 of bread to each pound of wood�察�consequently�察�TWO THIRDS at least of the heat generated in the combustion of the fuel must�察�in that case�察�have been lost�察�and in all the other experiments the loss of heat appears to have been still much greater。

A considerable loss of heat in baking will always be inevitable�察�but it seems probable�察�that this loss might�察�with proper attention to the construction of the oven�察�and to the management of the fire�察�be reduced at least to one half the quantity generated from the fuel in its combustion。  In the manner in which the baking business is now generally carried on�察�much more than three quarters of the heat  generated�察�or which might be generated from the fuel consumed�察�is lost。


APPENDIX�察�No VIII。

The following Account of the Persons in the House of Industry in Dublin�察�the 30th of April 1796�察�and of the Details of the Manner and Expence of feeding them�察�was given to the Author�察�by order of the Governors of that Institution。

Average of the Description of Poor for the Week ending 30th of April 1796。                             Males。   Females。   Total。 Employed              74      352      426 Infirm and Incurable       172      585      757 Idiots                16       13       29 Blind                5       10       16                             ´    ´                                 267      960     1227    In the Infirmary。 Sick Patients�察�Servants�察�etc。 88      200  ��                                            �� 343 Lunaticks             15       40  ��                                                                                     Total   1570

  Employed at actual labour  322 Persons。   Ditto at menial offices    104 ditto                             ´                       Total  426

Amongst the 1570 Persons above mentioned�察�are 282 Children and 447 compelled Persons。

Of the Children�察�205 are taught to spell�察�read�察�and write。


                   Saturday�察�April 30�察�1796。

                 1227 Persons fed at Breakfast。

 120  Servants in New´House�察        �a 8 oz。  bread  60  �� lbs。  loaves lb。      value。  336  Incurables�察�Children�察�etc。  �� 186   is 41 1 1/2    L。  1 14         a 6 ditto 126 ��  771  Workers�察�etc。  got Stirabout。 ´ 1227

  Weight of meal for Stirabout 4 cwt。  costs L。  3 1 8

 120  Servants in New´House               ��        get 1 quart butter´milk    Gal。  P。��        each                        30  0  �� 167 gallons of 1084  Workers�察�Incurables�察�etc。           ��    butter´milk        1 pint ditto               135  4  ��    value 1 L。   23  Sucklers get no butter´milk         �� ´   Allowed for waste       1  4  �� 1227

                            Brought down�察        �L。  5 15  8                                          s。  d。 Fuel to cook the Stirabout�察�3 bush。 cost 2  3     ��                                                   �� 0  3  0 1/2 Salt for ditto�察�1 qr。 3 lb  cost     0  9 1/2 ��                                                    ´                        The Breakfast cost       L。  5 18  8 1/2

  Quantity of water�察�5 barrels 6 gallons。


1227 Persons fed at Dinner。BREAD and MEAL POTTAGE。  120 Servants a 9 oz。   68    ��       bread                     �� lbs。     loaves。   lb。      value。 1107 Workers�察�Incurables�察      。� 621 1/2 is 138  0 1/2   L。 5 10 4      etc。  8 oz。  ditto553 1/2�� Weight of meal for the pottage�察�1 cwt。 3 qrs。       0 13  5 Pepper for ditto�察�half a pound                0  1  1 Ginger for ditto�察�1 pound                   0  1  3 Salt for ditto�察�21 pound                  0  0  7 Fuel for ditto�察�3 bushels 2 pecks             0  2  7 1/2                                                          ´                                       Dinner cost     L。  6  9  3 1/2


SUPPER。

For 165 Sickly Women on 6 oz�察�bread。   62 �� lbs。 loaves lb。   value。     251 Children�察�3 oz。 do。            47 �� 109  is  24  1   0 19 11

N。B。 The expenses of Food for the Hospital�察�in which there are 343 persons�察�is not included in the above account。


Sunday�察�May 1�察�1796。 1220 Persons fed at Breakfast。


 120  Servants�察�a 8 oz。 bread。  330  Incurables�察�Children�察�etc。 6 oz。 do。  770  Workers�察�etc。 get Stirabout。 ´ 1220  Persons。

The same quantity of provisions delivered this day for Breakfast as on Saturday�察�and cost the same�此�viz。 5L。 18s。 8 1/2d。


1220 Persons fed at Dinner。BREAD�察�BEEF and BROTH。                                                            Cost  120  Servants�察�a 9 oz。 bread�察  �68 �� lbs。  loaves  lbs。   L。  s。  d。 1100  Workers�察�Incurables�察�etc。     �� 618  is 137  1 1/2   5   9   6        8 do。          550 �� ´ 1220  Persons。                                Cwt。  qrs。  lbs。     Weight of raw beef�察         �4    2   10     Allowed for bone�察           �1    0    0                                ´                                 5    2   10             7  19   3     Meal for the broth�察        �1    2    0             1   3   1 1/2     Waste bread for do。         1    0    0             0   0   0     Salt for do。                0    0   24             0   0   8     Pepper for do。              0    0    0 1/2         0   1   1     Fuel�察�4 bushels 2 pecks�察                           �0   3   4 1/2                                                         ´                                            Total     L。  14  17   0

SUPPER。

The same number of women and children as yesterday�察�and the Supper cost the same�此�viz。 19s。 11d。

Wednesday�察�May 4�察�1796。

1216 Persons fed at Breakfast。

 120  Servants in New´House�察�a 8 oz。 bread  334  Incurables�察�Children�察�etc。 a 6 oz。 do。  762  Workers�察�etc。 get Stirabout。 ´ 1216  Persons。

The same quantity of provisions�察�etc。 delivered this day for Breakfast as for Saturday�察�and cost the same�此�viz。 8L 18s。 8 1/2d。

1216 Persons fed at Dinner。CALECANNON and BEER。

                                                 Cost。 Weight of raw potatoes   Cwt。 qrs。 lbs。         L。  s。  d。   for Calecannon�察    �19   0    0         3   6   6 An allowance for waste�察   �1   0    0                          ´             Weight used�察 �18   0    0       Raw greens for ditto�察   �8   0    0         1   6   0 Butter for ditto�察     �1   0    0         3  12   0 Pepper for ditto�察     �0   0    0 1/2     0   1   1 Ginger for ditto�察     �0   0    1         0   1   3 Onions for ditto�察     �0   0   14         0   2   0 Salt for ditto�察       �0   0   24         0   0   8 Fuel�察�4 bushels 2 pecks�察                     �0   3   4   Time of boiling about four hours。

1193 Persons get 1           ��      pint of beer  Galls。 p。 ��       Barrs。      each�察�making   149   1  ��Galls。      Galls。   23 On the breast           �� 151 is  3  31    2   5   3  get no beer。            �� 1216                         ��      Allowed for             ��        waste�察      �1   7  ��

Bread to Incurables and Children on the breast�察�43 loaves�察                �1  15   4                                                ´                                 Total      L。   12  13   5

                        SUPPER。

The same number of Women and Children as on Saturday�察�and cost the same�此�viz。  19s 11d。

N。B。 All these accounts are in avoirdupois weight�察�and Irish money。


APPENDIX�察�No IX。

  An Account of an EXPERIMENT made ��under the Direction of the   AUTHOR�� in the Kitchen of the HOUSE of INDUSTRY at DUBLIN�察  �in COOKING  for the POOR。

May the 6th�察�1796�察�a dinner was provided for 927 persons of Calecannon�察�a kind of food in great repute in Ireland�察�composed of Potatoes�察�boiled and mashed�察�mixed with about one´fifth of their weight of boiled Greens�察�cut fine with sharp shovels�察�and seasoned with butter�察�onions�察�salt�察�pepper�察�and ginger。 The ingredients were boiled in a very large iron boiler�察�of a circular�察�or rather hemispherical form�察�capable of containing near 400 gallons�察�and remarkably thick and heavy。  273 gallons of pump water were put into this boiler�察�and the following Table will show�察�in a satisfactory manner�察�the progress and the result of the experiment��


                       Heat      Contents of the Boiler           Fuel laid    of the  Time。      on Coals。    Liquid                     Quantity         Pecks  Weight            Ingredients。     Gall。    lbs。  7h 48m   4   106 lb。     55    Water to boil      273  8h 15m   1    26 1/2           the Greens     40m   1    26 1/2           and Potatoes  9h  0m   1    26 1/2     15m   2    53        80     30m   1    26 1/2    90     45m   2    53       110 10h  0m   1    26 1/2   150     20m                 212    The Greens                                were now put        295  1/2                                in。      2m                 180     30m   1    26 1/2   190     45m                 212 11h                            the Greens                                taken out and      1615                                Potatoes put                                in。 11h 10m   2    53       180     20m   1    26 1/2   200     30m                 212     45m                        Potatoes done。


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