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  26 1/2   200     30m                 212     45m                        Potatoes done。


GENERAL RESULTS of the EXPERIMENT。

The fuel used was Whitehaven coal�此�the  quantity 17 pecks�察�weighing 450 1/2 lbs。

The potatoes being mashed�察。�without peeling them�撮� and the greens chopped fine with a sharp shovel�察�they were mixed together�察�and 98 lbs  of butter�察�14 lbs。 of onions boiled and chopped fine�察�40 lbs。 of salt�察�1 lb。 of black pepper in powder�察�and 1/2 lb。 of ginger�察�being added�察�and the whole well mixed together�察�this food was served out in portions of 1 quart�察�or about 2 lbs。 each�察�in wooden noggins�察�holding each 1 quart when full。

Each of these portions of Calecannon ��as this food is called in Ireland�� served one person for  dinner and supper�察�and each portion cost about 2 1/14 pence�察�Irish money�察�or it cost something less than ONE PENNY sterling per pound。

Twelve pence sterling�察�make thirteen pence Irish。

The expence ��reckoned in Irish money�� of preparing this food�察�was as follows�此�viz。                                                L。  s。  d。 Potatoes�察�19 cwt。 at 3s。 6d。 per cwt。       3  6  6 ��N。B。  They weighed no more than 1615 lbs。  when picked and washed。�� Greens�察�26 flaskets�察�at 10d。 each�察       �1  1 10 Butter�察�98 lbs。 at 72s。 per cwt。          3  3  0 Onions�察�14 lbs。 at 2s。 per stone�察        �0  2  0 Ginger�察�1/2 lbs。                  0  1  3 Salt�察�40 lbs。                   0  1  1 Pepper�察�1 lb。                   0  1  1                                               ´                                            L。   7 16  9

Expence for fuel�察�17 pecks of coal�察�at 1L。 3s。 3d。 per ton�察              �0  3  2 1/2                                               ´                                      Total L。   7 19 11 1/2

With this kind of food there is no allowance of bread�察�nor is any necessary。

It would be hardly possible to invent a more nourishing or more palatable kind of food�察�than Calecannon�察�as it is made in Ireland�察�but the expence of it might be considerably diminished�察�by using less butter in preparing it。

Salted herrings ��which do not in general cost much more than a penny the pound�� might be used with great advantage to give it a relish�察�particularly when a small proportion of butter is used。

In this experiment�察�273 gallons of water�察�weighing about 2224 lbs。 avoirdupois�察�and being at the temperature of 55 degrees�察�was made to boil�察。�in two hours and 32 minutes�撮� with the combustion of 346 1/2 lbs。 of coal�察�which gives rather less than 6 1/2 lbs。 of water�察�to each pound of coal consumed�察�the water being heated 157 degrees�察�or from 55 to 212 degrees。

According to my experiments�察�20 lbs。 of water may be heated 180 degrees�察。�namely from 32 degrees the freezing point�察�to 212 degrees the temperature of boiling water�撮� with the heat generated in the combustion of 1 lb。 of pine´wood�察�consequently�察�the same  quantity of wood ��1 lb。�� would heat 23 lb。 of water 157 degrees�察�or from 55 to 212 degrees。

But M。 Lavoisier has shown us by his experiments�察�that the quantity of heat generated in the combustion of any given weight of coal�察�is greater than that generated in the combustion of the same weight of dry wood�察�in the proportion of 1089 to 600�察�consequently�察�1 lb。 of coal ought to make 40 3/4 lbs。 of water�察�at the temperature 55 degrees�察�boil。

But in the foregoing experiment�察�1 lb。 of coal was consumed in making 6 1/2 lbs。 of water boil�察 �consequently�察�more than 5/6 of the heat generated�察�or which might with proper management have been generated in the combustion of the coal�察�was lost�察�owing to the bad construction of the boiler and of the fire´place。

Had the construction of the boiler and of the fire´place been as perfect as they were in my experiments�察�a quantity of fuel would have been sufficient�察�smaller than that actually used�察�in the proportion of 6 1/2 to 40 3/4�察�or instead of 450 1/2 lbs。 of coal�察�71 3/4 lbs。 would have done the business�察�and�察�instead of costing 3s。 2 1/2d。�察�they would have cost less than 6 1/4 Irish money�察�or 5 3/4d。 sterling�察�which is only about 1/3 per cent。 of the cost of the ingredients used in preparing the food�察�for the expence of fuel for cooking it。

These computations may serve to show�察�that I did not exaggerate�察�when I gave it as my opinion�察。�in my Essay on Food�撮� that the expence for the fuel necessary to be employed in cooking ought never to exceed�察�even in this country�察�TWO PER CENT。 of the value of the ingredients of which the food is composed�察�that is to say�察�when kitchen fire´places are well constructed。

Had the ingredients used in this experiment�察�viz。

              2234  lbs。 of water               1615  lbs。 of potatoes�察                �98  lbs。 of butter�察                �14  lbs。 of onions�察                �40  lbs。 of salt�察                 �1  lb。 of pepper�察�and                  0 1/2  lb。 of ginger�察              �making in all 3992 1/2 lbs。�察�been made into a soup�察�instead of being made into Calecannon�察�this�察�at 1 1/4 lb。 ��equal to one pint and a quarter���察�the portion would have served to feed 3210 persons。

But if I can show�察�that in Ireland�察�where all the coals they burn are imported from England�察�a good and sufficient meal of victuals for 3210 persons may be provided with the expence of only 5 3/4d。 for the fuel necessary to cook it�察�I trust that the account I ventured to publish in my first Essay�察�of the expence for fuel in the kitchen of the Military Workhouse at Munich�察�namely�察�that it did not amount to so much as 4 1/2d。 a day�察�when 1000 persons were fed�察�will no longer appear quite so incredible�察�as it certainly must appear to those who are not aware of the enormous waste which is made of fuel in the various processes in which it is employed。

I shall think myself very fortunate�察�if what I have done in the prosecution of these my favourite studies�察�should induce ingenious men to turn their attention to the investigation of a science�察�hitherto much neglected�察�and where every new improvement must tend directly and powerfully to increase the comforts and enjoyments of mankind。

END OF THE FIRST VOLUME。

Footnotes for Essay V。

��1�А�The number of horses in Bavaria alone amount to above 160��000

��2�А�A particular account of these military posts is given in the Second Chapter of the First Essay。

��3�А�Suffice it to mention one among numberless facts�察�which might be brought to prove these assertions�此�The Beggars of our capital carry on an increasing and very lucrative trade�察�with confessional and communion testimonials�察�which they sell to people who daringly transgress the holy ecclesiastical laws�察�by neglecting to confess and receive the holy sacrament of the Lord's Supper at Easter。  Some of these impious wretches receive the sacrament�察�at least twice in a day�察�in order not to lose their customers�察�if the demands for communion testimonials are great�察�or come late。Ye priests and preachers of the gospel�察�can you still forbear raising your voices against Beggars��

��4�А�To these the President of the Chamber of Finances has since been added。

��5�А�Since the year 1792 the Elector�察�to relieve the Institution from that  burden�察�has ordered the police guards to be paid out of the Public  Treasury of the Chamber of Finances。

��6�А�The Bavarian pound which was used in these experiments�察�and which is divided into 32 loths�察�is to the pound Avoirdupois as 12��384 is to 10��000��or nearly as 5 to 4。



End of Essays�察�Vol。 1


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