the history of the common law of england-第25部分
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roduce the English Laws there； as the Nature of the Inhabitants or the Circunmstances of the Times would permit； yet partly for want of Sheriffs； that Kingdom being then not divided into Counties； and partly by reason of the Instability of the Irisb； he could not fully effect his Design： And therefore； King John； to supply those Defects as far as he was able； divided Leinster and Munster into the several Counties of Dublin； Kildare； Meath； Uriel； Catherlogh； Kilkenny； Wexford； Waterford； Cork； Limerick； Tiperary； and Kerry； and appointed Sheriffs and other Officers to govern 'em after the Manner of England； and likewise caused an Abstract of the English Laws under his Great Seal to be transmitted thither； and deposited in the Exchequer at Dublin： And soon after； in an Irish Parliament； by a general Consent； and at the Instance of the Irish； he ordain'd； That the English Laws and Customs should thenceforth be observ'd in Ireland； and in order to it； he sent his Judges thither； and erected Courts of Judicature at Dublin。 But notwithstanding these Precautions of King John； yet for that the Brehon Law； and other Irish Customs； gave more of Power to the great Men； and yet did not restrain the Common People to so strict and regular a Discipline as the Laws of England did。 Therefore the very English themselves became corrupted by them； and the English Laws soon became of little Use or Esteem； and were look'd upon by the Irish and the degenerate English as a Yoke of Bondage； so that King Hen。 3。 was oftentimes necessitated to revive。 em； and by several successive W rits to join the Observation of them。 And in the Eleventh Year of his Reign； he sent the following Writ； viz。 Henrici Rex； &c。 Baronibus Militibus & aliis liberi Tenentibus Lageniae； salutem； &c。 Satis ut credimus vestra audivit discretio； quod cum bonae memoriae Johannes； quondam Rex Angliae Pater noster venit in Hiberniam； ipse duxit secum viros discretos & Legis peritos； quorum Communi Consilio； & ad instantiam Hiberniensium Statuit & praecepit Leges Anglicanas teneri in Hibernia； ita quod Leges easdem in scriptis readactas reliquit sub sigillo suo ad Scaccar。 Dublin。 Cum igitur Consuetudo & Lex Angliae fuerit； quod si aliquis desponsaverit aliquam Mulierem； sive Viduam sive aliam haereditatem habentem； & ipse postmodum ex ea prolem suscitaverit cujus clamor auditus fuerit infra quatuor parietes idem Vir si supervixerit ipsam uxorem suam； habebit tota vita sua Custodiam Haereditatis uxoris suae； licet ea forte habuerit Haeredem de primo viro suo qui fuerit Plenae aetatis vobis Mandamus injungentes quatenus in loquela quae est in Curia Willi。 Com。 Maresc。 inter Mauritium Fitz Gerald Petent。 & Galfridum de Marisco Justiciarium nostrum Hiberniae tenentem； vel in Alia Loquela quae fuerit in Casu praedicto nullo modo Justitiam in contrar' facere praesumatis。 Teste Rege apud Westm。 10 Decemb。 Anno 110 Regni Nostri。 And Note； In the same Year another Writ was sent to the Lord Justice； commanding him to aid the Episcopal Excommunications in Ireland with the Secular Arm； as in England was used。 And about this Time； Hubert de Burgo； the Chief Justice of England； and Earl of Kent； was made Earl of Connaught； and Lord Justice of Ireland during Life； and because he could not personally attend； he on March the 10th； 1227； appointed Richard de Burgo； to be his Deputy； or Lord Justice； to whom the King sent the following Writ： Rex dilecto & fideli suo Richardo de Burgo Justiciario suo Hiberniae salutem。 Mandamus vobis firmiter praecipientes； quatenus certo die & loco faciatis venire coram vobis； Archiepiscopos； Episcopos； Abbates； Priores； Comites & Barones； Milites & libere Tenentes & Ballivos singulorum Comitatuum； & coram eis publice legi faciatis Chartam Domini Johannis Regis Patris nostri； cui sigillum suum appensum est； quam fieri fecit； & jurari a Magnatibus Hiberniae de Legibus & consuetudinibus Anglorum observandis in Hibernia； & Praecipiatis eis ex parte nostra； quod Leges illas & consuetudines in Charta praedicta contentas de cetero firmiter teneant & observent。 Et hoc idem per singulos Comitatus Hiberniae clamari faciatis； & teneri prohibentes firmiter ex parte nostra & forisiacturam nostram； ne quis contra hoc Mandatum nostrum； venire praesumat。 Eo excepto quod nec de morte nec de catallis Hibernensium occisorum nihil statuatur ex parte nostra citra quindecim dies a Sancti Michaelis； Anno Regni Nostri 12？ Super quo respectum dedimus Magnat。 nostri de Hib。 usque ad Terminum praedict' Teste Meipso apud Westm。 8？die Maii； Anno Regni Nostri 12？ And about the 20th Year of Hen。 3。 several Writs were sent into Ireland； especially directing several Statutes which had been made in England to be put in Use； and to be observed in Ireland； as the Statute of Merton in the Case of Bastardy； &c。 But yet it seems by the frequent Grants that were made afterwards to particular Native Irish Men； quod legibus utantur Anglicanis； That the Native Irish had not the full Privilege of the English Laws； in Relation at least to the Liberties of English Men； till about the Third of Edw。 3。 Vide Rot。 Claus。 2 E。 3。 Memb。 17。 As the Common Law of England was thus by King John and Hen。 3。 introduced into Ireland； so in the Tenth of Hen。 7。 all the precedent Statutes of England were there settled by the Parliament of Ireland。 'Tis true； many ancient Irish Customs continued in Ireland； and do continue there even unto this Day； but such as are contrary to the Laws of England are disallow'd Vide Davis's Reports； the Case of Tanistry。 As touching Wales； That was not always the Feudal Territory of the Kingdom of England； but having been long governed by a Prince of their own； there were very many Laws and Customs used in Wales； utterly strange to the Laws of England； the Principal whereof they attribute to their King Howell Dha。 After King Edw。 I had subdued Wales； and brought it immediately under his Dominion； He first made a strict Inquisition touching the Welsh Laws within their several Commotes and Seigniores； which Inquisitions are yet of Record： After which； in the 12th of Edw。 I。 the Statute of Rutland was made； whereby the Administration of Justice in Wales was settled in a Method very near to the Rule of the Law of England。 The Preamble of the said Statute is notable； viz。 Edvardus Dei gratia Rex Angliae Dominus Hiberniae & Dux Acquitaniae omnibus Fidelibas suis de Terra sua de Snodon & de aliis terris suis in Wallia Salutem in Domino。 Divina Providentia quae in sua Dispositione non fallitur； inter alia suae Dispensationis Munera； quibus nos & Regnum nostrum Angliae decorari dignata est； Terram Walliae cum incolis suis prius nobis juri Feodali subjectam； tam sui gratia in proprietatis nostrae Dominium； obstaculis quibuscunque cessantibus； totaliter & cum integritate convertit； & Coroniae Regni praedicti tantum partem corporis ejusdem annexuit & univit。 Nos； &c。 According to the Method in that Statute prescribed； has the Method of Justice been hitherto administred in Wales； with such Alterations and additions therein as have been made by the several subsequent Statutes of 27 and 34 H。 8。 &c。 Touching the Isle of Man。 This was sometimes Parcel of the Kingdom of Norway； and governed by Particular Laws and Customs of their own； tho' many of them hold Proportion； or bear some Analogy； to the Laws of England； and probably were at first and originally derived from hence； seeing the Kingdom of Norway as well as the Isle of Man have anciently been in Subjection to the Crown of England。 Vide Legis Willi。 Primi； in Lambard's Saxon Laws。 Berwick was sometimes Parcel of Scotland； but was won by Conquest by King Edw。 I； and after that lost by King Edw。 2； and afterwards regained by Edw。 3。 It was governed by the Laws of Scotland； and their own particular Customs； and not according to the Rules of the Common Law of England； further than as by Custom it is there admitted； as in Liber Parliamenti； 21 E。 I。 in the Case of Moyne and Bartlemew； Pro Dote in Berwick； yet now by Charter； they send Burgesses to the Parliament of England。 Touching the Islands of Jersey； Guernsey； Sark； and Alderney； They were anciently a Part of the Dutchy of Normandy； and in that Right； the Kings of England held them till the Time of King John； but although King John； as is before shewn； was unjustly deprived of that Dutchy； yet he kept the Islands； and when after that； they were by Force taken from him； he by the like Force regained them； and they have ever since continued in the Possession of the Crown of England。 As to their Laws； they are not governed by the Laws of England； but by the Laws and Customs of Normandy。 But not as they are at this Day； for since the actual Division and Separation of those Islands from that Dutchy； there have been several New Edicts and Laws made by the Kings of France which have much altered the old Law of Normandy； which Edicts and Laws bind not in those Islands； they having been ever since King John's Time at least under the actual Allegiance of England。 And hence it is； that tho' there be late Collections of the Laws and Customs of Normandy； as Terrier and some others； yet they are not of any Authority it those Islands； for the Decision of Controversies； as the Grand Contumier of Normandy is； which is （at least in the greatest Part thereof） a Collection of the Laws of Normandy as they stood before the Disjoining of those Islands from the Dutchy； viz。 before the Time of King Hen。 3。 tho' there be in that Collection some Edicts of the Kings of France which were made after that Disjunction； and those Laws； as I have shewn before； tho' in some Things they agree with the Laws of England； yet in many Things they differ； and in some are absolutely repugnant。 And hence it is； that regularly Suits arising in those Islands are not to be tried or determined in the King's Courts in England； but are to be heard； tried； and determined in those Islands； either before the ordinarY Courts of Jurats there； or by the Justices Itinerant there； commissioned un
