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The American Republic
CONSTITUTION�察�TENDENCIES�察�AND DESTINY
by O。 A。 Brownson
TO THE
HON。 GEORGE BANCROFT��
THE ERUDITE�察�PHILOSOPHICAL�察�AND ELOQUENT
Historian of the United States��
THIS FEEBLE ATTEMPT TO SET FORTH THE PRINCIPLES OF GOVERN´
MENT�察�AND TO EXPLAIN AND DEFEND THE CONSTITUTION OF
THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC�察�IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED��
IN MEMORY OF OLD FRIENDSHIP�察�AND AS A
SLIGHT HOMAGE TO GENIUS�察�ABILITY��
PATRIOTISM�察�PRIVATE WORTH��
AND PUBLIC SERVICE��
BY THE AUTHOR。
CONTENTS。
PAGE
CHAPTER I。
INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER II。
GOVERNMENT 15
CHAPTER III。
ORIGIN OF GOVERNMENT 26
CHAPTER IV。
ORIGIN OF GOVERMENT´Continued 43
CHAPTER V。
ORIGIN OF GOVERNMENT´Continued 71
CHAPTER VI。
ORIGIN OF GOVERNMENT´Concluded 106
CHAPTER VII。
CONSTITUTION OF GOVERNMENT 136
vi CHAPTER VIII。
CONSTITUTION OF GOVERNMENT´Concluded 166
CHAPTER IX。
THE UNITED STATES 192
CHAPTER X。
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 218
CHAPTER XI。
THE CONSTITUTION´Continued 244
CHAPTER XII。
SECESSION 277
CHAPTER XIII。
RECONSTRUCTION 309
CHAPTER XIV。
POLITICAL TENDENCIES 348
CHAPTER XV。
DESTINY´POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS 392
PREFACE。
In the volume which�察�with much diffidence�察�is here offered to the public�察�I have given�察�as far as I have considered it worth giving�察 �my whole thought in a connected form on the nature�察�necessity�察 �extent�察�authority�察�origin�察�ground�察�and constitution of government�察 �and the unity�察�nationality�察�constitution�察�tendencies�察�and destiny of the American Republic。 Many of the points treated have been from time to time discussed or touched upon�察�and many of the views have been presented�察�in my previous writings�察�but this work is newly and independently written from beginning to end�察�and is as complete on the topics treated as I have been able to make it。
I have taken nothing bodily from my previous essays�察�but I have used their thoughts as far as I have judged them sound and they came within the scope of my present work。 I have not felt myself bound to adhere to my own past thoughts or expressions any farther than they coincide with my present convictions�察�and I have written as freely and as independently as if I had never viii written or published any thing before。 I have never been the slave of my own past�察�and truth has always been dearer to me than my own opinions。 This work is not only my latest�察�but will be my last on politics or government�察�and must be taken as the authentic�察 �and the only authentic statement of my political views and convictions�察�and whatever in any of my previous writings conflicts with the principles defended in its pages�察�must be regarded as retracted�察�and rejected。
The work now produced is based on scientific principles�察�but it is an essay rather than a scientific treatise�察�and even good´natured critics will�察�no doubt�察�pronounce it an article or a series of articles designed for a review�察�rather than a book。 It is hard to overcome the habits of a lifetime。 I have taken some pains to exchange the reviewer for the author�察�but am fully conscious that I have not succeeded。 My work can lay claim to very little artistic merit。 It is full of repetitions�察�the same thought is frequently recurring��the result�察�to some extent�察�no doubt�察�of carelessness and the want of artistic skill�察�but to a greater extent�察�I fear�察�of ;malice aforethought。; In composing my work I have followed�察�rather than directed�察�the course of my thought�察 �and�察�having very little confidence in the memory or industry of readers�察�I have preferred�察�when the completeness ix of the argument required it�察�to repeat myself to encumbering my pages with perpetual references to what has gone before。
That I attach some value to this work is evident from my consenting to its publication�察�but how much or how little of it is really mine�察�I am quite unable to say。 I have�察�from my youth up�察�been reading�察�observing�察�thinking�察�reflecting�察�talking�察�I had almost said writing�察�at least by fits and starts�察�on political subjects�察 �especially in their connection with philosophy�察�theology�察�history�察 �and social progress�察�and have assimilated to my own mind what it would assimilate�察�without keeping any notes of the sources whence the materials assimilated were derived。 I have written freely from my own mind as I find it now formed�察�but how it has been so formed�察�or whence I have borrowed�察�my readers know as well as I。 All that is valuable in the thoughts set forth�察�it is safe to assume has been appropriated from others。 Where I have been distinctly conscious of borrowing what has not become common property�察�I have given credit�察�or�察�at least�察�mentioned the author's name�察�with three important exceptions which I wish to note more formally。
I am principally indebted for the view of the American nationality and the Federal Constitution I present�察�to hints and suggestions furnished x by the remarkable work of John C。 Hurd�察�Esq。�察�on The Law of Freedom and Bondage in the United States�察�a work of rare learning and profound philosophic views。 I could not have written my work without the aid derived from its suggestions�察�any more than I could without Plato�察�Aristotle�察�St。 Augustine�察�St。 Thomas�察 �Suarez�察�Pierre Leroux�察�and the Abbate Gioberti。 To these two last´named authors�察�one a humanitarian sophist�察�the other a Catholic priest�察�and certainly one of the profoundest philosophical writers of this century�察�I am much indebted�察�though I have followed the political system of neither。 I have taken from Leroux the germs of the doctrine I set forth on the solidarity of the race�察�and from Gioberti the doctrine I defend in relation to the creative act�察�which is�察�after all�察�simply that of the Credo and the first verse of Genesis。
In treating the several questions which the preparation of this volume has brought up�察�in their connection�察�and in the light of first principles�察�I have changed or modified�察�on more than one important point�察�the views I had expressed in my previous writings�察�especially on the distinction between civilized and barbaric nations�察�the real basis of civilization itself�察�and the value to the world of the Graeco´Roman civilization。 I have ranked feudalism under the head of barbarism�察�xi rejected every species of political aristocracy�察�and represented the English constitution as essentially antagonistic to the American�察�not as its type。 I have accepted universal suffrage in principle�察�and defended American democracy�察�which I define to be territorial democracy�察�and carefully distinguish from pure individualism on the one hand�察�and from pure socialism or humanitarianism on the other。
I reject the doctrine of State sovereignty�察�which I held and defended from 1828 to 1861�察�but still maintain that the sovereignty of the American Republic vests in the States�察�though in the States collectively�察�or united�察�not severally�察�and thus escape alike consolidation and disintegration。 I find�察�with Mr。 Madison�察�our most philosophic statesman�察�the originality of the American system in the division of powers between a General government having sole charge of the foreign and general�察�and particular or State governments having�察�within their respective territories�察�sole charge of the particular relations and interests of the American people�察�but I do not accept his concession that this division is of conventional origin�察�and maintain that it enters into the original Providential constitution of the American state�察�as I have done in my Review for October�察�1863�察�and January and October�察�1864。 xii I maintain�察�after Mr。 Senator Sumner�察�one of the most philosophic and accomplished living American statesmen�察�that ;State secession is State suicide�察─�but modify the opinion I too hastily expressed that the political death of a State dissolves civil society within its territory and abrogates all rights held under it�察�and accept the doctrine that the laws in force at the time of secession remain in force till superseded or abrogated by competent authority�察�and also that�察�till the State is revived and restored as a State in the Union�察�the only authority�察�under the American system�察�competent to supersede or abrogate them is the United States�察�not Congress�察�far less the Executive。 The error of the Government is not in recognizing the territorial laws as surviving secession but in counting a State that has seceded as still a State in the Union�察�with the right to be counted as one of the United States in amending the Constitution。 Such State goes out of the Union�察�but comes under it。
I have endeavored throughout to refer my particular political views�察�to their general principles�察�and to show that the general principles asserted have their origin and ground in the great�察 �universal�察�and unchanging principles of the universe itself。 Hence�察�I have labored to show the scientific relations of political to theological principles�察�the xiii。 real principles of all science�察�as of all reality。 An atheist�察�I have said�察�may be a politician�察�but if there were no God�察�there could be no politics。 This may offend the sciolists of the age�察�but I must follow science where it leads�察�and cannot be arrested by those who mistake their darkness for light。
I write throughout as a Christian�察�because I am a Christian�察�as a