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the american republic-及1何蛍

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The American Republic 
CONSTITUTION�察�TENDENCIES�察�AND DESTINY


by O。 A。 Brownson







TO THE
HON。 GEORGE BANCROFT��
THE ERUDITE�察�PHILOSOPHICAL�察�AND ELOQUENT
Historian of the United States��

THIS FEEBLE ATTEMPT TO SET FORTH THE PRINCIPLES OF GOVERN´
MENT�察�AND TO EXPLAIN AND DEFEND THE CONSTITUTION OF
THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC�察�IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED��
IN MEMORY OF OLD FRIENDSHIP�察�AND AS A
SLIGHT HOMAGE TO GENIUS�察�ABILITY��
PATRIOTISM�察�PRIVATE WORTH��
AND PUBLIC SERVICE��
BY THE AUTHOR。



CONTENTS。

                                                             PAGE

CHAPTER I。

INTRODUCTION                                                    1


CHAPTER II。

GOVERNMENT                                                     15


CHAPTER III。

ORIGIN OF GOVERNMENT                                           26


CHAPTER IV。

ORIGIN OF GOVERMENT´Continued                                  43


CHAPTER V。

ORIGIN OF GOVERNMENT´Continued                                 71


CHAPTER VI。

ORIGIN OF GOVERNMENT´Concluded                                106


CHAPTER VII。

CONSTITUTION OF GOVERNMENT                                    136

vi CHAPTER VIII。

CONSTITUTION OF GOVERNMENT´Concluded                          166


CHAPTER IX。

THE UNITED STATES                                             192


CHAPTER X。

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES                             218


CHAPTER XI。

THE CONSTITUTION´Continued                                    244


CHAPTER XII。

SECESSION                                                     277


CHAPTER XIII。

RECONSTRUCTION                                                309


CHAPTER XIV。

POLITICAL TENDENCIES                                          348


CHAPTER XV。

DESTINY´POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS                               392





PREFACE。


In the volume which�察�with much diffidence�察�is here offered to the  public�察�I have given�察�as far as I have considered it worth giving�察 �my whole thought in a connected form on the nature�察�necessity�察 �extent�察�authority�察�origin�察�ground�察�and constitution of government�察 �and the unity�察�nationality�察�constitution�察�tendencies�察�and destiny  of the American Republic。  Many of the points treated have been  from time to time discussed or touched upon�察�and many of the views  have been presented�察�in my previous writings�察�but this work is  newly and independently written from beginning to end�察�and is as  complete on the topics treated as I have been able to make it。

I have taken nothing bodily from my previous essays�察�but I have  used their thoughts as far as I have judged them sound and they  came within the scope of my present work。  I have not felt myself  bound to adhere to my own past thoughts or expressions any farther  than they coincide with my present convictions�察�and I have written  as freely and as independently as if I had never  viii                                                  written or  published any thing before。  I have never been the slave of my  own past�察�and truth has always been dearer to me than my own  opinions。  This work is not only my latest�察�but will be my last  on politics or government�察�and must be taken as the authentic�察 �and the only authentic statement of my political views and  convictions�察�and whatever in any of my previous writings conflicts  with the principles defended in its pages�察�must be regarded as  retracted�察�and rejected。

The work now produced is based on scientific principles�察�but it is  an essay rather than a scientific treatise�察�and even good´natured  critics will�察�no doubt�察�pronounce it an article or a series of  articles designed for a review�察�rather than a book。  It is hard to  overcome the habits of a lifetime。  I have taken some pains to  exchange the reviewer for the author�察�but am fully conscious that  I have not succeeded。  My work can lay claim to very little  artistic merit。  It is full of repetitions�察�the same thought is  frequently recurring��the result�察�to some extent�察�no doubt�察�of  carelessness and the want of artistic skill�察�but to a greater  extent�察�I fear�察�of ;malice aforethought。;  In composing my work I  have followed�察�rather than directed�察�the course of my thought�察 �and�察�having very little confidence in the memory or industry of  readers�察�I have preferred�察�when the completeness  ix                                                  of the argument  required it�察�to repeat myself to encumbering my pages with  perpetual references to what has gone before。

That I attach some value to this work is evident from my consenting  to its publication�察�but how much or how little of it is really  mine�察�I am quite unable to say。  I have�察�from my youth up�察�been  reading�察�observing�察�thinking�察�reflecting�察�talking�察�I had almost  said writing�察�at least by fits and starts�察�on political subjects�察 �especially in their connection with philosophy�察�theology�察�history�察 �and social progress�察�and have assimilated to my own mind what it  would assimilate�察�without keeping any notes of the sources whence  the materials assimilated were derived。  I have written freely  from my own mind as I find it now formed�察�but how it has been so  formed�察�or whence I have borrowed�察�my readers know as well as I。   All that is valuable in the thoughts set forth�察�it is safe to assume  has been appropriated from others。  Where I have been distinctly  conscious of borrowing what has not become common property�察�I have  given credit�察�or�察�at least�察�mentioned the author's name�察�with three  important exceptions which I wish to note more formally。

I am principally indebted for the view of the American nationality  and the Federal Constitution I present�察�to hints and suggestions  furnished x           by the remarkable work of John C。 Hurd�察�Esq。�察�on The Law of  Freedom and Bondage in the United States�察�a work of rare learning  and profound philosophic views。  I could not have written my work  without the aid derived from its suggestions�察�any more than I  could without Plato�察�Aristotle�察�St。 Augustine�察�St。 Thomas�察 �Suarez�察�Pierre Leroux�察�and the Abbate Gioberti。  To these two  last´named authors�察�one a humanitarian sophist�察�the other a  Catholic priest�察�and certainly one of the profoundest  philosophical writers of this century�察�I am much indebted�察�though  I have followed the political system of neither。  I have taken  from Leroux the germs of the doctrine I set forth on the solidarity  of the race�察�and from Gioberti the doctrine I defend in relation  to the creative act�察�which is�察�after all�察�simply that of the  Credo and the first verse of Genesis。

In treating the several questions which the preparation of this  volume has brought up�察�in their connection�察�and in the light of  first principles�察�I have changed or modified�察�on more than one  important point�察�the views I had expressed in my previous  writings�察�especially on the distinction between civilized and  barbaric nations�察�the real basis of civilization itself�察�and the  value to the world of the Graeco´Roman civilization。  I have  ranked feudalism under the head of barbarism�察�xi                                               rejected every  species of political aristocracy�察�and represented the English  constitution as essentially antagonistic to the American�察�not as  its type。  I have accepted universal suffrage in principle�察�and  defended American democracy�察�which I define to be territorial  democracy�察�and carefully distinguish from pure individualism on  the one hand�察�and from pure socialism or humanitarianism on the  other。

I reject the doctrine of State sovereignty�察�which I held and  defended from 1828 to 1861�察�but still maintain that the  sovereignty of the American Republic vests in the States�察�though  in the States collectively�察�or united�察�not severally�察�and thus  escape alike consolidation and disintegration。  I find�察�with Mr。  Madison�察�our most philosophic statesman�察�the originality of the  American system in the division of powers between a General  government having sole charge of the foreign and general�察�and  particular or State governments having�察�within their respective  territories�察�sole charge of the particular relations and  interests of the American people�察�but I do not accept his  concession that this division is of conventional origin�察�and  maintain that it enters into the original Providential  constitution of the American state�察�as I have done in my Review  for October�察�1863�察�and January and October�察�1864。 xii I maintain�察�after Mr。  Senator Sumner�察�one of the most  philosophic and accomplished living American statesmen�察�that  ;State secession is State suicide�察─�but modify the opinion I too  hastily expressed that the political death of a State dissolves  civil society within its territory and abrogates all rights held  under it�察�and accept the doctrine that the laws in force at the  time of secession remain in force till superseded or abrogated by  competent authority�察�and also that�察�till the State is revived and  restored as a State in the Union�察�the only authority�察�under the  American system�察�competent to supersede or abrogate them is the  United States�察�not Congress�察�far less the Executive。  The error  of the Government is not in recognizing the territorial laws as  surviving secession but in counting a State that has seceded as  still a State in the Union�察�with the right to be counted as one  of the United States in amending the Constitution。  Such State  goes out of the Union�察�but comes under it。

I have endeavored throughout to refer my particular political  views�察�to their general principles�察�and to show that the general  principles asserted have their origin and ground in the great�察 �universal�察�and unchanging principles of the universe itself。   Hence�察�I have labored to show the scientific relations of  political to theological principles�察�the xiii。                                          real principles of all  science�察�as of all reality。  An atheist�察�I have said�察�may be a  politician�察�but if there were no God�察�there could be no politics。   This may offend the sciolists of the age�察�but I must follow  science where it leads�察�and cannot be arrested by those who  mistake their darkness for light。

I write throughout as a Christian�察�because I am a Christian�察�as  a 

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