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!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
I write throughout as a Christian�察�because I am a Christian�察�as a Catholic�察�because all Christian principles�察�nay�察�all real principles are catholic�察�and there is nothing sectarian either in nature or revelation。 I am a Catholic by God's grace and great goodness�察�and must write as I am。 I could not write otherwise if I would�察�and would not if I could。 I have not obtruded my religion�察�and have referred to it only where my argument demanded it�察�but I have had neither the weakness nor the bad taste to seek to conceal or disguise it。 I could never have written my book without the knowledge I have�察�as a Catholic�察 �of Catholic theology�察�and my acquaintance�察�slight as it is�察�with the great fathers and doctors of the church�察�the great masters of all that is solid or permanent in modern thought�察�either with Catholics or non´Catholics。
Moreover�察�though I write for all Americans�察�without distinction of sect or party�察�I have had more especially in view the people of my own xiv religious communion。 It is no discredit to a man in the United States at the present day to be a firm�察�sincere�察�and devout Catholic。 The old sectarian prejudice may remain with a few�察 �whose eyes�察─�as Emerson says�察 �are in their hind´head�察�not in their fore´head�察─�but the American people are not at heart sectarian�察�and the nothingarianism so prevalent among them only marks their state of transition from sectarian opinions to positive Catholic faith。 At any rate�察�it can no longer be denied that Catholics are an integral�察�living�察�and growing element in the American population�察�quite too numerous�察�too wealthy�察�and too influential to be ignored。 They have played too conspicuous a part in the late troubles of the country�察�and poured out too freely and too much of their richest and noblest blood in defence of the unity of the nation and the integrity of its domain�察�for that。 Catholics henceforth must be treated as standing�察�in all respects�察�on a footing of equality with any other class of American citizens�察�and their views of political science�察�or of any other science�察�be counted of equal importance�察 �and listened to with equal attention。
I have no fears that my book will be neglected because avowedly by a Catholic author�察�and from a Catholic publishing house。 They xv who are not Catholics will read it�察�and it will enter into the current of American literature�察�if it is one they must read in order to be up with the living and growing thought of the age。 If it is not a book of that sort�察�it is not worth reading by any one。
Furthermore�察�I am ambitious�察�even in my old age�察�and I wish to exert an influence on the future of my country�察�for which I have made�察�or�察�rather�察�my family have made�察�some sacrifices�察�and which I tenderly love。 Now�察�I believe that he who can exert the most influence on our Catholic population�察�especially in giving tone and direction to our Catholic youth�察�will exert the most influence in forming the character and shaping the future destiny of the American Republic。 Ambition and patriotism alike�察�as well as my own Catholic faith and sympathies�察�induce me to address myself primarily to Catholics。 I quarrel with none of the sects�察 �I honor virtue wherever I see it�察�and accept truth wherever I find it�察�but�察�in my belief�察�no sect is destined to a long life�察 �or a permanent possession。 I engage in no controversy with any one not of my religion�察�for�察�if the positive�察�affirmative truth is brought out and placed in a clear light before the public�察 �whatever is sectarian in any of the sects will disappear as the morning mists before the rising sun。
xvi I expect the most intelligent and satisfactory appreciation of my book from the thinking and educated classes among Catholics�察 �but I speak to my countrymen at large。 I could not personally serve my country in the field�此�my habits as well as my infirmities prevented�察�to say nothing of my age�察�but I have endeavored in this humble work to add my contribution�察�small though it may be�察�to political science�察�and to discharge�察�as far as I am able�察�my debt of loyalty and patriotism。 I would the book were more of a book�察�more worthy of my countrymen�察�and a more weighty proof of the love I beat them�察�and with which I have written it。 All I can say is�察�that it is an honest book�察�a sincere book�察�and contains my best thoughts on the subjects treated。 If well received�察�I shall be grateful�察�if neglected�察�I shall endeavor to practise resignation�察�as I have so often done。
O。 A。 BROWNSON。
ELIZABETH�察�N。 J。�察�September 16�察�1865。
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
The ancients summed up the whole of human wisdom in the maxim�察 �Know Thyself�察�and certainly there is for an individual no more important as there is no more difficult knowledge�察�than knowledge of himself�察�whence he comes�察�whither he goes�察�what he is�察�what he is for�察�what he can do�察�what he ought to do�察�and what are his means of doing it。
Nations are only individuals on a larger scale。 They have a life�察�an individuality�察�a reason�察�a conscience�察�and instincts of their own�察�and have the same general laws of development and growth�察�and�察�perhaps�察�of decay�察�as the individual man。 Equally important�察�and no less difficult than for the individual�察�is it for a nation to know itself�察�understand its own existence�察�its own powers and faculties�察�rights and duties�察�constitution�察 �instincts�察�tendencies�察�and 2 destiny。 A nation has a spiritual as well as a material�察�a moral as well as a physical existence�察�and is subjected to internal as well as external conditions of health and virtue�察�greatness and grandeur�察�which it must in some measure understand and observe�察�or become weak and infirm�察�stunted in its growth�察�and end in premature decay and death。
Among nations�察�no one has more need of full knowledge of itself than the United States�察�and no one has hitherto had less。 It has hardly had a distinct consciousness of its own national existence�察 �and has lived the irreflective life of the child�察�with no severe trial�察�till the recent rebellion�察�to throw it back on itself and compel it to reflect on its own constitution�察�its own separate existence�察�individuality�察�tendencies�察�and end。 The defection of the slaveholding States�察�and the fearful struggle that has followed for national unity and integrity�察�have brought it at once to a distinct recognition of itself�察�and forced it to pass from thoughtless�察�careless�察�heedless�察�reckless adolescence to grave and reflecting manhood。 The nation has been suddenly compelled to study itself�察�and henceforth must act from reflection�察�understanding�察�science�察�statesmanship�察�not from instinct�察�impulse�察�passion�察�or caprice�察�knowing well what 3 it does�察 �and wherefore it does it。 The change which four years of civil war have wrought in the nation is great�察�and is sure to give it the seriousness�察�the gravity�察�the dignity�察�the manliness it has heretofore lacked。
Though the nation has been brought to a consciousness of its own existence�察�it has not�察�even yet�察�attained to a full and clear understanding of its own national constitution。 Its vision is still obscured by the floating mists of its earlier morning�察�and its judgment rendered indistinct and indecisive by the wild theories and fancies of its childhood。 The national mind has been quickened�察�the national heart has been opened�察�the national disposition prepared�察�but there remains the important work of dissipating the mists that still linger�察�of brushing away these wild theories and fancies�察�and of enabling it to form a clear and intelligent judgment of itself�察�and a true and just appreciation of its own constitution tendencies��and destiny�察 �or�察�in other words�察�of enabling the nation to understand its own idea�察�and the means of its actualization in space and time。
Every living nation has an idea given it by Providence to realize�察�and whose realization is its special work�察�mission�察�or destiny。 Every nation is�察�in some sense�察�a chosen people of 4 God。 The Jews were the chosen people of God�察�through whom the primitive traditions were to be preserved in their purity and integrity�察�and the Messiah was to come。 The Greeks were the chosen people of God�察�for the development and realization of the beautiful or the divine splendor in art�察�and of the true in science and philosophy�察�and the Romans�察�for the development of the state�察�law�察�and jurisprudence。 The great despotic nations of Asia were never properly nations�察�or if they were nations with a mission�察�they proved false to it�察�and count for nothing in the progressive development of the human race。 History has not recorded their mission�察�and as far as they are known they have contributed only to the abnormal development or corruption of religion and civilization。 Despotism is barbaric and abnormal。
The United States�察�or the American Republic�察�has a mission�察�and is chosen of God for the realization of a great idea。 It has been chosen not only to continue the work assigned to Greece and Rome�察�but to accomplish a greater work than was assigned to either。 In art�察�it will prove false to its mission if it do not rival Greece�察�and in science and philosophy�察�if it do not surpass it。 In the state�察�in law�察�in jurisprudence�察�it must continue and surpass Rome。 Its idea 5 is liberty�察�indeed�察�but liberty with law�察 �and law with liberty。 Yet its mission is not so much the realization of liberty as the realization of the true idea of the state�察�which secures at once the authority of the public and the freedom of the individualthe sovereignty of the people without social despotism�察�and individual freedom without anarchy。 In other words�察�its mission is to bring out in its life the dialectic union of authority and liberty�察�of the natural rights of man and those of society。 The Greek and Roman republics asserted the state to the detriment of individual freedom�察�modern republics either do the same�察�or assert individual freedom to the detriment of the state。 The American republic has been instituted by Providence to realiz