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the american republic-及2何蛍

弌傍�� the american republic 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��




I write throughout as a Christian�察�because I am a Christian�察�as  a Catholic�察�because all Christian principles�察�nay�察�all real  principles are catholic�察�and there is nothing sectarian either  in nature or revelation。  I am a Catholic by God's grace and  great goodness�察�and must write as I am。  I could not write  otherwise if I would�察�and would not if I could。  I have not  obtruded my religion�察�and have referred to it only where my  argument demanded it�察�but I have had neither the weakness nor  the bad taste to seek to conceal or disguise it。  I could never  have written my book without the knowledge I have�察�as a Catholic�察 �of Catholic theology�察�and my acquaintance�察�slight as it is�察�with  the great fathers and doctors of the church�察�the great masters of  all that is solid or permanent in modern thought�察�either with  Catholics or non´Catholics。

Moreover�察�though I write for all Americans�察�without distinction  of sect or party�察�I have had more especially in view the people  of my own xiv           religious communion。  It is no discredit to a man in  the United States at the present day to be a firm�察�sincere�察�and  devout Catholic。  The old sectarian prejudice may remain with a  few�察 �whose eyes�察─�as Emerson says�察 �are in their hind´head�察�not  in their fore´head�察─�but the American people are not at heart  sectarian�察�and the nothingarianism so prevalent among them only  marks their state of transition from sectarian opinions to  positive Catholic faith。  At any rate�察�it can no longer be  denied that Catholics are an integral�察�living�察�and growing  element in the American population�察�quite too numerous�察�too  wealthy�察�and too influential to be ignored。  They have played too  conspicuous a part in the late troubles of the country�察�and  poured out too freely and too much of their richest and noblest  blood in defence of the unity of the nation and the integrity of  its domain�察�for that。  Catholics henceforth must be treated as  standing�察�in all respects�察�on a footing of equality with any  other class of American citizens�察�and their views of political  science�察�or of any other science�察�be counted of equal importance�察 �and listened to with equal attention。

I have no fears that my book will be neglected because avowedly  by a Catholic author�察�and from a Catholic publishing house。  They xv who are not Catholics will read it�察�and it will enter into the  current of American literature�察�if it is one they must read in  order to be up with the living and growing thought of the age。   If it is not a book of that sort�察�it is not worth reading by any  one。

Furthermore�察�I am ambitious�察�even in my old age�察�and I wish to  exert an influence on the future of my country�察�for which I have  made�察�or�察�rather�察�my family have made�察�some sacrifices�察�and which  I tenderly love。  Now�察�I believe that he who can exert the most  influence on our Catholic population�察�especially in giving tone  and direction to our Catholic youth�察�will exert the most  influence in forming the character and shaping the future destiny  of the American Republic。  Ambition and patriotism alike�察�as well  as my own Catholic faith and sympathies�察�induce me to address  myself primarily to Catholics。  I quarrel with none of the sects�察 �I honor virtue wherever I see it�察�and accept truth wherever I  find it�察�but�察�in my belief�察�no sect is destined to a long life�察 �or a permanent possession。  I engage in no controversy with any  one not of my religion�察�for�察�if the positive�察�affirmative truth  is brought out and placed in a clear light before the public�察 �whatever is sectarian in any of the sects will disappear as the  morning mists before the rising sun。

xvi I expect the most intelligent and satisfactory appreciation of  my book from the thinking and educated classes among Catholics�察 �but I speak to my countrymen at large。  I could not personally  serve my country in the field�此�my habits as well as my  infirmities prevented�察�to say nothing of my age�察�but I have  endeavored in this humble work to add my contribution�察�small  though it may be�察�to political science�察�and to discharge�察�as far  as I am able�察�my debt of loyalty and patriotism。  I would the  book were more of a book�察�more worthy of my countrymen�察�and a  more weighty proof of the love I beat them�察�and with which I have  written it。  All I can say is�察�that it is an honest book�察�a  sincere book�察�and contains my best thoughts on the subjects  treated。  If well received�察�I shall be grateful�察�if neglected�察�I  shall endeavor to practise resignation�察�as I have so often done。


O。 A。 BROWNSON。

ELIZABETH�察�N。 J。�察�September 16�察�1865。





CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION


The ancients summed up the whole of human wisdom in the maxim�察 �Know Thyself�察�and certainly there is for an individual no more  important as there is no more difficult knowledge�察�than knowledge  of himself�察�whence he comes�察�whither he goes�察�what he is�察�what he  is for�察�what he can do�察�what he ought to do�察�and what are his  means of doing it。

Nations are only individuals on a larger scale。  They have a  life�察�an individuality�察�a reason�察�a conscience�察�and instincts of  their own�察�and have the same general laws of development and  growth�察�and�察�perhaps�察�of decay�察�as the individual man。  Equally  important�察�and no less difficult than for the individual�察�is it  for a nation to know itself�察�understand its own existence�察�its  own powers and faculties�察�rights and duties�察�constitution�察 �instincts�察�tendencies�察�and 2                            destiny。  A nation has a spiritual as  well as a material�察�a moral as well as a physical existence�察�and  is subjected to internal as well as external conditions of health  and virtue�察�greatness and grandeur�察�which it must in some measure  understand and observe�察�or become weak and infirm�察�stunted in its  growth�察�and end in premature decay and death。

Among nations�察�no one has more need of full knowledge of itself  than the United States�察�and no one has hitherto had less。  It has  hardly had a distinct consciousness of its own national existence�察 �and has lived the irreflective life of the child�察�with no severe  trial�察�till the recent rebellion�察�to throw it back on itself and  compel it to reflect on its own constitution�察�its own separate  existence�察�individuality�察�tendencies�察�and end。  The defection of  the slaveholding States�察�and the fearful struggle that has  followed for national unity and integrity�察�have brought it at  once to a distinct recognition of itself�察�and forced it to pass  from thoughtless�察�careless�察�heedless�察�reckless adolescence to  grave and reflecting manhood。  The nation has been suddenly  compelled to study itself�察�and henceforth must act from  reflection�察�understanding�察�science�察�statesmanship�察�not from  instinct�察�impulse�察�passion�察�or caprice�察�knowing well what 3                                                           it does�察 �and wherefore it does it。  The change which four years of civil  war have wrought in the nation is great�察�and is sure to give it  the seriousness�察�the gravity�察�the dignity�察�the manliness it has  heretofore lacked。

Though the nation has been brought to a consciousness of its own  existence�察�it has not�察�even yet�察�attained to a full and clear  understanding of its own national constitution。  Its vision is  still obscured by the floating mists of its earlier morning�察�and  its judgment rendered indistinct and indecisive by the wild  theories and fancies of its childhood。  The national mind has  been quickened�察�the national heart has been opened�察�the national  disposition prepared�察�but there remains the important work of  dissipating the mists that still linger�察�of brushing away these  wild theories and fancies�察�and of enabling it to form a clear  and intelligent judgment of itself�察�and a true and just  appreciation of its own constitution tendencies��and destiny�察 �or�察�in other words�察�of enabling the nation to understand its own  idea�察�and the means of its actualization in space and time。

Every living nation has an idea given it by Providence to  realize�察�and whose realization is its special work�察�mission�察�or  destiny。  Every nation is�察�in some sense�察�a chosen people of 4                                                              God。   The Jews were the chosen people of God�察�through whom the  primitive traditions were to be preserved in their purity and  integrity�察�and the Messiah was to come。  The Greeks were the  chosen people of God�察�for the development and realization of the  beautiful or the divine splendor in art�察�and of the true in  science and philosophy�察�and the Romans�察�for the development of  the state�察�law�察�and jurisprudence。  The great despotic nations of  Asia were never properly nations�察�or if they were nations with a  mission�察�they proved false to it�察�and count for nothing in the  progressive development of the human race。  History has not  recorded their mission�察�and as far as they are known they have  contributed only to the abnormal development or corruption of  religion and civilization。  Despotism is barbaric and abnormal。

The United States�察�or the American Republic�察�has a mission�察�and  is chosen of God for the realization of a great idea。  It has  been chosen not only to continue the work assigned to Greece and  Rome�察�but to accomplish a greater work than was assigned to  either。  In art�察�it will prove false to its mission if it do not  rival Greece�察�and in science and philosophy�察�if it do not surpass  it。  In the state�察�in law�察�in jurisprudence�察�it must continue and  surpass Rome。  Its idea 5                         is liberty�察�indeed�察�but liberty with law�察 �and law with liberty。  Yet its mission is not so much the  realization of liberty as the realization of the true idea of the  state�察�which secures at once the authority of the public and the  freedom of the individualthe sovereignty of the people without  social despotism�察�and individual freedom without anarchy。  In  other words�察�its mission is to bring out in its life the  dialectic union of authority and liberty�察�of the natural rights  of man and those of society。  The Greek and Roman republics  asserted the state to the detriment of individual freedom�察�modern  republics either do the same�察�or assert individual freedom to the  detriment of the state。  The American republic has been  instituted by Providence to realiz

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