伊浪窮徨慕 > 将砿凪麿窮徨慕 > the american republic >

及12何蛍

the american republic-及12何蛍

弌傍�� the american republic 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��



 question here concerns the institution of  government�察�and determining who constitute society and have the  right to meet in person�察�or by their delegates in convention�察 �to institute it。  This question�察�so important�察�and at times so  difficult�察�the theory of the origin of government in the people  collectively�察�or the nation�察�does not solve�察�or furnish any means  of solving。

But suppose this difficulty surmounted there is still another�察 �and a very grave one�察�to over´ 78                              come。  The theory assumes that the  people collectively�察 �in their own native right and might�察─�are  sovereign。  According to it the people are ultimate�察�and free to  do whatever they please。  This sacrifices individual freedom。   The origin of government in a compact entered into by  individuals�察�each with all and all with each�察�sacrificed the  rights of society�察�and assumed each individual to be in himself  an independent sovereignty。  If logically carried out�察�there  could be no such crime as treason�察�there could be no state�察�and  no public authority。  This new theory transfers to society the  sovereignty which that asserted for the individual�察�and asserts  social despotism�察�or the absolutism of the state。  It asserts  with sufficient energy public authority�察�or the right of the  people to govern�察�but it leaves no space for individual rights�察 �which society must recognize�察�respect�察�and protect。  This was the  grand defect of the ancient Graeco´Roman civilization。  The  historian explores in vain the records of the old Greek and Roman  republics for any recognition of the rights of individuals not  held as privileges or concessions from the state。  Society  recognized no limit to her authority�察�and the state claimed over  individuals all the authority of the patriarch over his  household�察�79            the chief over his tribe�察�or the absolute monarch over  his subjects。  The direct and indirect influence of the body of  freemen admitted to a voice in public affairs�察�in determining the  resolutions and action of the state�察�no doubt tempered in  practice to some extent the authority of the state�察�and prevented  acts of gross oppression�察�but in theory the state was absolute�察 �and the people individually were placed at the mercy of the  people collectively�察�or�察�rather�察�the majority of the collective  people。

Under ancient republicanism�察�there were rights of the state and  rights of the citizen�察�but no rights of man�察�held independently  of society�察�and not derived from God through the state。  The  recognition of these rights by modern society is due to  Christianity�此�some say to the barbarians�察�who overthrew the Roman  empire�察�but this last opinion is not well founded。  The barbarian  chiefs and nobles had no doubt a lively sense of personal freedom  and independence�察�but for themselves only。  They had no  conception of personal freedom as a general or universal right�察 �and men never obtain universal principles by generalizing  particulars。  They may give a general truth a particular  application�察�but not a particular truthunderstood to be a  particular trutha general or universal 80                                          application。  They are  too good logicians for that。  The barbarian individual freedom  and personal independence was never generalized into the doctrine  of the rights of man�察�any more than the freedom of the master has  been generalized into the right of his slaves to be free。  The  doctrine of individual freedom before the state is due to the  Christian religion�察�which asserts the dignity and worth of every  human soul�察�the accountability to God of each man for himself�察 �and lays it down as law for every one that God is to be obeyed  rather than men。  The church practically denied the absolutism of  the state�察�and asserted for every man rights not held from the  state�察�in converting the empire to Christianity�察�in defiance of  the state authority�察�and the imperial edicts punishing with death  the profession of the Christian faith。  In this she practically�察 �as well as theoretically�察�overthrew state absolutism�察�and infused  into modern society the doctrine that every individual�察�even the  lowest and meanest�察�has rights which the state neither confers  nor can abrogate�察�and it will only be by extinguishing in modern  society the Christian faith�察�and obliterating all traces of  Christian civilization�察�that state absolutism can be revived with  more than a partial and temporary success。

81 The doctrine of individual liberty may be abused�察�and so  explained as to deny the rights of society�察�and to become pure  individualism�察�but no political system that runs to the opposite  extreme�察�and absorbs the individual in the state�察�stands the  least chance of any general or permanent success till  Christianity is extinguished。  Yet the assertion of principles  which logically imply state absolutism is not entirely harmless�察 �even in Christian countries。  Error is never harmless�察�and only  truth can give a solid foundation on which to build。   Individualism and socialism are each opposed to the other�察�and  each has only a partial truth。  The state founded on either  cannot stand�察�and society will only alternate between the two  extremes。  To´day it is torn by a revolution in favor of  socialism�察�to´morrow it will be torn by another in favor of  individualism�察�and without effecting any real progress by either  revolution。  Real progress can be secured only by recognizing and  building on the truth�察�not as it exists in our opinions or in our  theories�察�but as it exists in the world of reality�察�and  independent of our opinions。

Now�察�social despotism or state absolutism is not based on truth  or reality。  Society has certain rights over individuals�察�for she  is a 82      medium of their communion with God�察�or through which they  derive life from God�察�the primal source of all life�察�but she is  not the only medium of man's life。  Man�察�as was said in the  beginning�察�lives by communion with God�察�and he communes with God  in the creative act and the Incarnation�察�through his kind�察�and�察 �through nature。  This threefold communion gives rise to three  institutionsreligion or the church�察�society or the state�察�and  property。  The life that man derives from God through religion  and property�察�is not derived from him through society�察�and  consequently so much of his life be holds independently of  society�察�and this constitutes his rights as a man as  distinguished from his rights as a citizen。  In relation to  society�察�as not held from God through her�察�these are termed his  natural rights�察�which�察�she must hold inviolable�察�and government  protect for every one�察�whatever his complexion or his social  position。  These rightsthe rights of conscience and the rights  of property�察�with all their necessary implicationsare  limitations of the rights of society�察�and the individual has the  right to plead them against the state。  Society does not confer  them�察�and it cannot take them away�察�for they are at least as  sacred and as fundamental as her own。

83 But even this limitation of popular sovereignty is not all。  The  people can be sovereign only in the sense in which they exist and  act。  The people are not God�察�whatever some theorists may  pretendare not independent�察�self´existent�察�and self´sufficing。   They are as dependent collectively as individually�察�and therefore  can exist and act only as second cause�察�never as first cause。   They can�察�then�察�even in the limited sphere of their sovereignty�察 �be sovereign only in a secondary sense�察�never absolute sovereign  in their own independent right。  They are sovereign only to the  extent to which they impart life to the individual members of  society�察�and only in the sense in which she imparts it�察�or is its  cause。  She is not its first cause or creator�察�and is the medial  cause or medium through which they derive it from God�察�not its  efficient cause or primary source。  Society derives her own life  from God�察�and exists and acts only as dependent on him。  Then she  is sovereign over individuals only as dependent on God。  Her  dominion is then not original and absolute�察�but secondary and  derivative。

This third theory does not err in assuming that the people  collectively are more than the people individually�察�or in denying  society to be a mere aggregation of individuals with no life�察 �84                                                               and  no rights but what it derives from them�察�nor even in asserting  that the people in the sense of society are sovereign�察�but in  asserting that they are sovereign in their own native or  underived right and might。  Society has not in herself the  absolute right to govern�察�because she has not the absolute  dominion either of herself or her members。  God gave to man  dominion over the irrational creation�察�for he made irrational  creatures for man�察�but he never gave him either individually or  collectively the dominion over the rational creation。  The theory  that the people are absolutely sovereign in their own independent  right and might�察�as some zealous democrats explain it�察�asserts  the fundamental principle of despotism�察�and all despotism is  false�察�for it identifies the creature with the Creator。  No  creature is creator�察�or has the rights of creator�察�and  consequently no one in his own right is or can be sovereign。   This third theory�察�therefore�察�is untenable。

IV。 A still more recent class of philosophers�察�if philosophers  they may be called�察�reject the origin of government in the people  individually or collectively。  Satisfied that it has never been  instituted by a voluntary and deliberate act of the people�察�and  confounding government as a 85                             fact with government as authority�察 �maintain that government is a spontaneous development of nature。   Nature develops it as the liver secretes bile�察�as the bee  constructs her cell�察�or the beaver builds his dam。  Nature�察 �working by her own laws and inherent energy�察�develops society�察 �and society develops government。  That is all the secret。   Questions as to the origin of government or its rights�察�beyond  the simple positive fact�察�belong to the theological or  metaphysical stage of the development of nature�察�but are left  behind when the race has passed beyond that stage�察�

卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��0�� 家��0��

低辛嬬浪散議