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弌傍�� the american republic 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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tage of the development of nature�察�but are left  behind when the race has passed beyond that stage�察�and has  reached the epoch of positive science�察�in which all�察�except the  positive fact�察�is held to be unreal and non´existent。   Government�察�like every thing else in the universe�察�is simply a  positive development of nature。  Science explains the laws and  conditions of the development�察�but disdains to ask for its origin  or ground in any order that transcends the changes of the world  of space and time。

These philosophers profess to eschew all theory�察�and yet they  only oppose theory to theory。  The assertion that reality for the  human mind is restricted to the positive facts of the sensible  order�察�is purely theoretic�察�and is any thing but a positive fact。   Principles are as really objects of science as facts�察�and it is  only 86      in the light of principles that facts themselves are  intelligible。  If the human mind had no science of reality that  transcends the sensible order�察�or the positive fact�察�it could  have no science at all。  As things exist only in their principles  or causes�察�so can they be known only in their principles and  causes�察�for things can be known only as they are�察�or as they  really exist。  The science that pretends to deduce principles  from particular facts�察�or to rise from the fact by way of  reasoning to an order that transcends facts�察�and in which facts  have their origin�察�is undoubtedly chimerical�察�and as against that  the positivists are unquestionably right。  But to maintain that  man has no intelligence of any thing beyond the fact�察�no  intuition or intellectual apprehension of its principle or cause�察 �is equally chimerical。  The human mind cannot have all science�察 �but it has real science as far as it goes�察�and real science is  the knowledge of things as they are�察�not as they are not。   Sensible facts are not intelligible by themselves�察�because they  do not exist by themselves�察�and if the human mind could not  penetrate beyond the individual fact�察�beyond the mimetic to the  methexic�察�or transcendental principle�察�copied or imitated by the  individual fact�察�it could never know the fact itself。  The error  of modern 87           philosophers�察�or philosopherlings�察�is in supposing the  principle is deduced or inferred from the fact�察�and in denying  that the human mind has direct and immediate intuition of it。

Something that transcends the sensible order there must be�察�or  there could be no development�察�and if we had no science of it�察�we  could never assert that development is development�察�or  scientifically explain the laws and conditions of development。   Development is explication�察�and supposes a germ which precedes  it�察�and is not itself a development�察�and development�察�however far  it may be carried�察�can never do more than realize the  possibilities of the germ。  Development is not creation�察�and  cannot supply its own germ。  That at least must be given by the  Creator�察�for from nothing nothing can be developed。  If authority  has not its germ in nature�察�it cannot be developed from nature  spontaneously or otherwise。  All government has a governing will�察 �and without a will that commands�察�there is no government�察�and  nature has in her spontaneous developments no will�察�for she has  no personality。  Reason itself�察�as distinguished from will�察�only  presents the end and the means�察�but does not govern�察�it  prescribes a rule�察�but cannot ordain a law。  An imperative will�察 �the will of a superior who has the right to 88                                             command what reason  dictates or approves�察�is essential to government�察�and that will  is not developed from nature�察�because it has no germ in nature。   So something above and beyond nature must be asserted�察�or  government itself cannot be asserted�察�even as a development。   Nature is no more self´sufficing than are the people�察�or than is  the individual man。

No doubt there is a natural law�察�which is law in the proper sense  of the word law�察�but this is a positive law under which nature is  placed by a sovereign above herself�察�and is never to be  confounded with those laws of nature so´called�察�according to  which she is productive as second cause�察�or produces her effects�察 �which are not properly laws at all。  Fire burns�察�water flows�察 �rain falls�察�birds fly�察�fishes swim�察�food nourishes�察�poisons kill�察 �one substance has a chemical affinity for another�察�the needle  points to the pole�察�by a natural law�察�it is said�察�that is�察�the  effects are produced by an inherent and uniform natural force。   Laws in this sense are simply physical forces�察�and are nature  herself。  The natural law�察�in an ethical sense�察�is not a physical  law�察�is not a natural force�察�but a law impose by the Creator on  all moral creatures�察�that is�察�all creatures endowed with reason  and free´will�察�and is called natural because promul´ 89                                                    gated in  natural reason�察�or the reason common and essential to all moral  creatures。  This is the moral law。  It is what the French call le  droit naturell�察�natural right�察�and�察�as the theologians teach us�察 �is the transcript of the eternal law�察�the eternal will or reason  of God。  It is the foundation of all law�察�and all acts of a state  that contravene it are�察�as St。 Augustine maintains�察�violences  rather than laws。  The moral law is no development of nature�察�for  it is above nature�察�and is imposed on nature。  The only  development there is about it is in our understanding of it。

There is�察�of course�察�development in nature�察�for nature considered  as creation has been created in germ�察�and is completed only in  successive developments。  Hence the origin of space and time。   There would have been no space if there had been no external  creation�察�and no time if the creation had been completed  externally at once�察�as it was in relation to the Creator。  Ideal  space is simply the ability of God to externize his creative act�察 �and actual space is the relation of coexistence in the things  created�察�ideal time is the ability of God to create existences  with the capacity of being completed by successive developments�察 �and actual time is the relation of these in the order of  90 succession�察�and when the existence is completed or consummated  development ceases�察�and time is no more。  In relation to himself  the Creator's works are complete from the first�察�and hence with  him there is no time�察�for there is no succession。  But in  relation to itself creation is incomplete�察�and there is room for  development�察�which may be continued till the whole possibility of  creation is actualized。  Here is the foundation of what is true  in the modern doctrine of progress。  Man is progressive�察�because  the possibilities of his nature are successively unfolded and  actualized。

Development is a fact�察�and its laws and conditions may be  scientifically ascertained and defined。  All generation is  development�察�as is all growth�察�physical�察�moral�察�or intellectual。   But everything is developed in its own order�察�and after its kind。   The Darwinian theory of the development of species is not  sustained by science。 The development starts from the germ�察�and  in the germ is given the law or principle of the development。   〃From the acorn is developed the oak�察�never the pine or the  linden。  Every kind generates its kind�察�never another。  But no  development is�察�strictly speaking�察�spontaneous�察�or the result  alone of the inherent energy or force of the germ developed。 91 There is not only a solidarity of race�察�but in some sense of all  races�察�or species�察�all created things are bound to their Creator�察 �and to one another。  One and the same law or principle of life  pervades all creation�察�binding the universe together in a unity  that copies or imitates the unity of the Creator。  No creature is  isolated from the rest�察�or absolutely independent of others。  All  are parts of one stupendous whole�察�and each depends on the whole�察 �and the whole on each�察�and each on each。  All creatures are  members of one body�察�and members one of another。  The germ of the  oak is in the acorn�察�but the acorn left to itself alone can never  grow into the oak�察�any more than a body at rest can place itself  in motion。  Lay the acorn away in your closet�察�where it is  absolutely deprived of air�察�heat�察�and moisture�察�and in vain will  you watch for its germination。  Germinate it cannot without some  external influence�察�or communion�察�so to speak�察�with the elements  from which it derives its sustenance and support。

There can be no absolutely spontaneous development。  All things  are doubtless active�察�for nothing exists except in so far as it  is an active force of some sort�察�but only God himself alone  suffices for his own activity。  All created things are dependent�察 �have not their being  92                      in themselves�察�and are real only as they  participate�察�through the creative act�察�of the Divine being。  The  germ can no more be developed than it could exist without God�察 �and no more develop itself than it could create itself。  What is  called the law of development is in the germ�察�but that law or  force can operate only in conjunction with another force or other  forces。  All development�察�as all growth�察�is by accretion or  assimilation。  The assimilating force is�察�if you will�察�in the  germ�察�but the matter assimilated comes and must come from abroad。   Every herdsman knows it�察�and knows that to rear his stock he must  supply them with appropriate food�察�every husbandman knows it�察�and  knows that to raise a crop of corn�察�be must plant the seed in a  soil duly prepared�察�and which will supply the gases needed for  its germination�察�growth�察�flowering�察�boiling�察�and ripening。  In  all created things�察�in all things not complete in themselves�察�in  all save God�察�in whom there is no development possible�察�for He  is�察�as say the schoolmen�察�most pure act�察�in whom there is no  unactualized possibility�察�the same law holds good。  Development  is always the resultant of two factors�察�the one the thing itself�察 �the other some external force co´operating with it�察�exciting  it�察�and aiding it to act。 93 Hence the praemotio physica of the Thomists�察�and the praevenient  and adjuvant grace of the theologians�察�without which no one can  begin the Christian life�察�and which must needs be su

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