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!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
tage of the development of nature�察�but are left behind when the race has passed beyond that stage�察�and has reached the epoch of positive science�察�in which all�察�except the positive fact�察�is held to be unreal and non´existent。 Government�察�like every thing else in the universe�察�is simply a positive development of nature。 Science explains the laws and conditions of the development�察�but disdains to ask for its origin or ground in any order that transcends the changes of the world of space and time。
These philosophers profess to eschew all theory�察�and yet they only oppose theory to theory。 The assertion that reality for the human mind is restricted to the positive facts of the sensible order�察�is purely theoretic�察�and is any thing but a positive fact。 Principles are as really objects of science as facts�察�and it is only 86 in the light of principles that facts themselves are intelligible。 If the human mind had no science of reality that transcends the sensible order�察�or the positive fact�察�it could have no science at all。 As things exist only in their principles or causes�察�so can they be known only in their principles and causes�察�for things can be known only as they are�察�or as they really exist。 The science that pretends to deduce principles from particular facts�察�or to rise from the fact by way of reasoning to an order that transcends facts�察�and in which facts have their origin�察�is undoubtedly chimerical�察�and as against that the positivists are unquestionably right。 But to maintain that man has no intelligence of any thing beyond the fact�察�no intuition or intellectual apprehension of its principle or cause�察 �is equally chimerical。 The human mind cannot have all science�察 �but it has real science as far as it goes�察�and real science is the knowledge of things as they are�察�not as they are not。 Sensible facts are not intelligible by themselves�察�because they do not exist by themselves�察�and if the human mind could not penetrate beyond the individual fact�察�beyond the mimetic to the methexic�察�or transcendental principle�察�copied or imitated by the individual fact�察�it could never know the fact itself。 The error of modern 87 philosophers�察�or philosopherlings�察�is in supposing the principle is deduced or inferred from the fact�察�and in denying that the human mind has direct and immediate intuition of it。
Something that transcends the sensible order there must be�察�or there could be no development�察�and if we had no science of it�察�we could never assert that development is development�察�or scientifically explain the laws and conditions of development。 Development is explication�察�and supposes a germ which precedes it�察�and is not itself a development�察�and development�察�however far it may be carried�察�can never do more than realize the possibilities of the germ。 Development is not creation�察�and cannot supply its own germ。 That at least must be given by the Creator�察�for from nothing nothing can be developed。 If authority has not its germ in nature�察�it cannot be developed from nature spontaneously or otherwise。 All government has a governing will�察 �and without a will that commands�察�there is no government�察�and nature has in her spontaneous developments no will�察�for she has no personality。 Reason itself�察�as distinguished from will�察�only presents the end and the means�察�but does not govern�察�it prescribes a rule�察�but cannot ordain a law。 An imperative will�察 �the will of a superior who has the right to 88 command what reason dictates or approves�察�is essential to government�察�and that will is not developed from nature�察�because it has no germ in nature。 So something above and beyond nature must be asserted�察�or government itself cannot be asserted�察�even as a development。 Nature is no more self´sufficing than are the people�察�or than is the individual man。
No doubt there is a natural law�察�which is law in the proper sense of the word law�察�but this is a positive law under which nature is placed by a sovereign above herself�察�and is never to be confounded with those laws of nature so´called�察�according to which she is productive as second cause�察�or produces her effects�察 �which are not properly laws at all。 Fire burns�察�water flows�察 �rain falls�察�birds fly�察�fishes swim�察�food nourishes�察�poisons kill�察 �one substance has a chemical affinity for another�察�the needle points to the pole�察�by a natural law�察�it is said�察�that is�察�the effects are produced by an inherent and uniform natural force。 Laws in this sense are simply physical forces�察�and are nature herself。 The natural law�察�in an ethical sense�察�is not a physical law�察�is not a natural force�察�but a law impose by the Creator on all moral creatures�察�that is�察�all creatures endowed with reason and free´will�察�and is called natural because promul´ 89 gated in natural reason�察�or the reason common and essential to all moral creatures。 This is the moral law。 It is what the French call le droit naturell�察�natural right�察�and�察�as the theologians teach us�察 �is the transcript of the eternal law�察�the eternal will or reason of God。 It is the foundation of all law�察�and all acts of a state that contravene it are�察�as St。 Augustine maintains�察�violences rather than laws。 The moral law is no development of nature�察�for it is above nature�察�and is imposed on nature。 The only development there is about it is in our understanding of it。
There is�察�of course�察�development in nature�察�for nature considered as creation has been created in germ�察�and is completed only in successive developments。 Hence the origin of space and time。 There would have been no space if there had been no external creation�察�and no time if the creation had been completed externally at once�察�as it was in relation to the Creator。 Ideal space is simply the ability of God to externize his creative act�察 �and actual space is the relation of coexistence in the things created�察�ideal time is the ability of God to create existences with the capacity of being completed by successive developments�察 �and actual time is the relation of these in the order of 90 succession�察�and when the existence is completed or consummated development ceases�察�and time is no more。 In relation to himself the Creator's works are complete from the first�察�and hence with him there is no time�察�for there is no succession。 But in relation to itself creation is incomplete�察�and there is room for development�察�which may be continued till the whole possibility of creation is actualized。 Here is the foundation of what is true in the modern doctrine of progress。 Man is progressive�察�because the possibilities of his nature are successively unfolded and actualized。
Development is a fact�察�and its laws and conditions may be scientifically ascertained and defined。 All generation is development�察�as is all growth�察�physical�察�moral�察�or intellectual。 But everything is developed in its own order�察�and after its kind。 The Darwinian theory of the development of species is not sustained by science。 The development starts from the germ�察�and in the germ is given the law or principle of the development。 〃From the acorn is developed the oak�察�never the pine or the linden。 Every kind generates its kind�察�never another。 But no development is�察�strictly speaking�察�spontaneous�察�or the result alone of the inherent energy or force of the germ developed。 91 There is not only a solidarity of race�察�but in some sense of all races�察�or species�察�all created things are bound to their Creator�察 �and to one another。 One and the same law or principle of life pervades all creation�察�binding the universe together in a unity that copies or imitates the unity of the Creator。 No creature is isolated from the rest�察�or absolutely independent of others。 All are parts of one stupendous whole�察�and each depends on the whole�察 �and the whole on each�察�and each on each。 All creatures are members of one body�察�and members one of another。 The germ of the oak is in the acorn�察�but the acorn left to itself alone can never grow into the oak�察�any more than a body at rest can place itself in motion。 Lay the acorn away in your closet�察�where it is absolutely deprived of air�察�heat�察�and moisture�察�and in vain will you watch for its germination。 Germinate it cannot without some external influence�察�or communion�察�so to speak�察�with the elements from which it derives its sustenance and support。
There can be no absolutely spontaneous development。 All things are doubtless active�察�for nothing exists except in so far as it is an active force of some sort�察�but only God himself alone suffices for his own activity。 All created things are dependent�察 �have not their being 92 in themselves�察�and are real only as they participate�察�through the creative act�察�of the Divine being。 The germ can no more be developed than it could exist without God�察 �and no more develop itself than it could create itself。 What is called the law of development is in the germ�察�but that law or force can operate only in conjunction with another force or other forces。 All development�察�as all growth�察�is by accretion or assimilation。 The assimilating force is�察�if you will�察�in the germ�察�but the matter assimilated comes and must come from abroad。 Every herdsman knows it�察�and knows that to rear his stock he must supply them with appropriate food�察�every husbandman knows it�察�and knows that to raise a crop of corn�察�be must plant the seed in a soil duly prepared�察�and which will supply the gases needed for its germination�察�growth�察�flowering�察�boiling�察�and ripening。 In all created things�察�in all things not complete in themselves�察�in all save God�察�in whom there is no development possible�察�for He is�察�as say the schoolmen�察�most pure act�察�in whom there is no unactualized possibility�察�the same law holds good。 Development is always the resultant of two factors�察�the one the thing itself�察 �the other some external force co´operating with it�察�exciting it�察�and aiding it to act。 93 Hence the praemotio physica of the Thomists�察�and the praevenient and adjuvant grace of the theologians�察�without which no one can begin the Christian life�察�and which must needs be su