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弌傍�� the american republic 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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e of the theologians�察�without which no one can  begin the Christian life�察�and which must needs be supernatural  when the end is supernatural。  The principle of life in all  orders is the same�察�and human activity no more suffices for  itself in one order than in another。

Here is the reason why the savage tribe never rises to a  civilized state without communion in some form with a people  already civilized�察�and why there is no moral or intellectual  development and progress without education and instruction�察 �consequently without instructors and educators。  Hence the value  of tradition�察�and hence�察�as the first man could not instruct  himself�察�Christian theologians�察�with a deeper philosophy than is  dreamed of by the sciolists of the age�察�maintain that God himself  was man's first teacher�察�or that he created Adam a full´grown  man�察�with all his faculties developed�察�complete�察�and in full  activity。  Hence�察�too�察�the heathen mythologies�察�which always  contain some elements of truth�察�however they may distort�察 �mutilate�察�or travesty them�察�make the gods the first teachers of  the human race�察�and ascribe to their instruction even the most  simple and ordinary arts of every´day life。 94                                             The gods teach men to  plough�察�to plant�察�to reap�察�to work in iron�察�to erect a shelter  from the storm�察�and to build a fire to warm them and to cook  their food。  The common sense�察�as well as the common traditions  of mankind�察�refuses to accept the doctrine that men are developed  without foreign aid�察�or progressive without divine assistance。   Nature of herself can no more develop government than it can  language。  There can be no language without society�察�and no  society without language。  There can be no government without  society�察�and no society without government of some sort。

But even if nature could spontaneously develop herself�察�she could  never develop an institution that has the right to govern�察�for  she has not herself that right。  Nature is not God�察�has not  created us�察�therefore has not the right of property in us。  She  is not and cannot be our sovereign。  We belong not to her�察�nor  does she belong to herself�察�for she is herself creature�察�and  belongs to her Creator。  Not being in herself sovereign�察�she  cannot develop the right to govern�察�nor can she develop  government as a fact�察�to say nothing of its right�察�for  government�察�whether we speak of it as fact or as authority�察�is  distinct from that which is governed�察�but natural de´ 95                                                     velopments  are nature�察�and indistinguishable from her。  The governor and the  governed�察�the restrainer and the restrained�察�can never as such be  identical。  Self´government�察�taken strictly�察�is a contradiction  in terms。  When an individual is said to govern himself�察�he is  never understood to govern himself in the sense in which be is  governed。  He by his reason and will governs or restrains his  appetites and passions。  It is man as spirit governing man as  flesh�察�the spiritual mind governing the carnal mind。

Natural developments cannot in all cases be even allowed to take  their own course without injury to nature herself。  ;Follow  nature; is an unsafe maxim�察�if it means�察�leave nature to develop  herself as she will�察�and follow thy natural inclinations。  Nature  is good�察�but inclinations are frequently bad。  All our appetites  and passions are given us for good�察�for a purpose useful and  necessary to individual and social life�察�but they become morbid  and injurious if indulged without restraint。  Each has its  special object�察�and naturally seeks it exclusively�察�and thus  generates discord and war in the individual�察�which immediately  find expression in society�察�and also in the state�察�if the state  be a simple natural development。  The Christian maxim�察�96                                                        Deny  thyself�察�is far better than the Epicurean maxim�察�Enjoy thyself�察 �for there is no real enjoyment without self´denial。  There is  deep philosophy in Christian asceticism�察�as the Positivists  themselves are aware�察�and even insist。  But Christian asceticism  aims not to destroy nature�察�as voluptuaries pretend�察�but to  regulate�察�direct�察�and restrain its abnormal developments for its  own good。  It forces nature in her developments to submit to a  law which is not in her�察�but above her。  The Positivists pretend  that this asceticism is itself a natural development�察�but that  cannot be a natural development which directs�察�controls�察�and  restrains natural development。

The Positivists confound nature at one time with the law of  nature�察�and at another the law of nature with nature herself�察�and  take what is called the natural law to be a natural development。   Here is their mistake�察�as it is the mistake of all who accept  naturalistic theories。  Society�察�no doubt�察�is authorized by the  law of nature to institute and maintain government。  But the law  of nature is not a natural development�察�nor is it in nature�察�or  any part of nature。  It is not a natural force which operates in  nature�察�and which is the developing principle of nature。  Do they  say reason is natural�察�and the law of 97                                       nature is only reason�拭  �This is not precisely the fact。  The natural law is law proper�察 �and is reason only in the sense that reason includes both  intellect and will�察�and nobody can pretend that nature in her  spontaneous developments acts from intelligence and volition。   Reason�察�as the faculty of knowing�察�is subjective and natural�察�but  in the sense in which it is coincident with the natural law�察�it  is neither subjective nor natural�察�but objective and divine�察�and  is God affirming himself and promulgating his law to his  creature�察�man。  It is�察�at least�察�an immediate participation of  the divine by which He reveals himself and His will to the human  understanding�察�and is not natural�察�but supernatural�察�in the sense  that God himself is supernatural。  This is wherefore reason is  law�察�and every man is bound to submit or conform to reason。

That legitimate governments are instituted under the natural law  is frankly conceded�察�but this is by no means the concession of  government as a natural development。  The reason and will of  which the natural law is the expression are the reason and will  of God。  The natural law is the divine law as much as the  revealed law itself�察�and equally obligatory。  It is not a natural  force developing itself in na´ 98                              ture�察�like the law of generation�察 �for instance�察�and therefore proceeding from God as first cause�察 �but it proceeds from God as final cause�察�and is�察�therefore�察 �theological�察�and strictly a moral law�察�founding moral rights and  duties。  Of course�察�all morality and all legitimate government  rest on this law�察�or�察�if you will�察�originate in it。  But not  therefore in nature�察�but in the Author of nature。  The authority  is not the authority of nature�察�but of Him who holds nature in  the hollow of His hand。

V。 In the seventeenth century a class of political writers who  very well understood that no creature�察�no man�察�no number of men�察 �not even�察�nature herself�察�can be inherently sovereign�察�defended  the opinion that governments are founded�察�constituted�察�and  clothed with their authority by the direct and express  appointment of God himself。  They denied that rulers hold their  power from the nation�察�that�察�however oppressive may be their  rule�察�that they are justiciable by any human tribunal�察�or that  power�察�except by the direct judgment of God�察�is amissible。  Their  doctrine is known in history as the doctrine of ;the divine right  of kings�察�and passive obedience。;  All power�察�says St。 Paul�察�is  from God�察�and the powers that be are ordained of God�察�and to  resist them is to resist 99                          the ordination of God。  They must be  obeyed for conscience' sake。

It would�察�perhaps�察�be rash to say that this doctrine had never  been broached before the seventeenth century�察�but it received in  that century�察�and chiefly in England�察�its fullest and most  systematic developments。  It was patronized by the Anglican  divines�察�asserted by James I。 of England�察�and lost the Stuarts  the crown of three kingdoms。  It crossed the Channel�察�into  France�察�where it found a few hesitating and stammering defenders  among Catholics�察�under Louis XIV。�察�but it has never been very  generally held�察�though it has had able and zealous supporters。   In England it was opposed by all the Presbyterians�察�Puritans�察 �Independents�察�and Republicans�察�and was forgotten or abandoned by  the Anglican divines themselves in the Revolution of 1688�察�that  expelled James II。 and crowned William and Mary。  It was ably  refuted by the Jesuit Suarez in his reply to a Remonstrance for  the Divine Right of Kings by the James I。�察�and a Spanish monk who  had asserted it in Madrid�察�under Philip II。�察�was compelled by the  Inquisition to retract it publicly in the place where he had  asserted it。  All republicans reject it�察�and the Church has never  sanctioned it。  The Sovereign 100                               Pontiffs have claimed and exercised  the right to deprive princes of their principality�察�and to  absolve their subjects from the oath of fidelity。  Whether the  Popes rightly claimed and exercised that power is not now the  question�察�but their having claimed and exercised it proves that  the Church does not admit the inamissibility of power and passive  obedience�察�for the action of the Pope was judicial�察�not  legislative。  The Pope has never claimed the right to depose a  prince till by his own act he has�察�under the moral law or the  constitution of his state�察�forfeited his power�察�nor to absolve  subjects from their allegiance till their oath�察�according to its  true intent and meaning�察�has ceased to bind。  If the Church has  always asserted with the Apostle there is no power but from  Godnon est potestas nisi a Deoshe has always through her  doctors maintained that it is a trust to be exercised for the  public good�察�and is forfeited when persistently exercised in a  contrary sense。  St。 Augustine�察�St。 Thomas�察�and Suarez all  maintain that unjust laws are violences rather than laws�察�and do  not oblige�察�except in charity or prudence�察�and that the republic  ma

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