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弌傍�� the american republic 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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ences rather than laws�察�and do  not oblige�察�except in charity or prudence�察�and that the republic  may change its magistrates�察�and even its constitution�察�if it sees proper to do so。

That God�察�as universal Creator�察�is Sovereign 101                                              Lord and proprietor  of all created things or existences�察�visible or invisible�察�is  certain�察�for the maker has the absolute right to the thing made�察 �it is his�察�and he may do with it as he will。  As he is sole  creator�察�he alone hath dominion�察�and as he is absolute creator�察 �he has absolute dominion over all the things which he has made。   The guaranty against oppression is his own essential nature�察�is  in the plenitude of his own being�察�which is the plenitude of  wisdom and goodness。  He cannot contradict himself�察�be other than  he is�察�or act otherwise than according to his own essential  nature。  As he is�察�in his own eternal and immutable essence�察 �supreme reason and supreme good�察�his dominion must always in its  exercise be supremely good and supremely reasonable�察�therefore  supremely just and equitable。  From him certainly is all power�察 �he is unquestionably King of kings�察�and Lord of lords。  By him  kings reign and magistrates decree just things。  He may�察�at his  will�察�set up or pull down kings�察�rear or overwhelm empires�察 �foster the infant colony�察�and make desolate the populous city。   All this is unquestionably true�察�and a simple dictate of reason  common to all men。  But in what sense is it true�拭 �Is it true in  a supernatural sense�拭 �Or is it true only in the sense 102                                                        that it is  true that by him we breathe�察�perform any or all of our natural  functions�察�and in him live�察�and move�察�and have our being��

Viewed in their first cause�察�all things are the immediate  creation of God�察�and are supernatural�察�and from the point of view  of the first cause the Scriptures usually speak�察�for the great  purpose and paramount object of the sacred writers�察�as of  religion itself�察�is to make prominent the fact that God is  universal creator�察�and supreme governor�察�and therefore the first  and final cause of all things。  But God creates second causes�察�or  substantial existences�察�capable themselves of acting and  producing effects in a secondary sense�察�and hence he is said to  be causa causarum�察�cause of causes。  What is done by these second  causes or creatures is done eminently by him�察�for they exist only  by his creative act�察�and produce only by virtue of his active  presence�察�or effective concurrence。  What he does through them or  through their agency is done by him�察�not immediately�察�but  mediately�察�and is said to be done naturally�察�as what he does  immediately is said to be done supernaturally。  Natural is what  God does through second causes�察�which he creates�察�supernatural is  that which he does by himself alone�察�without their intervention  or agency。  Sovereignty�察�or 105                             the right to govern�察�is in him�察�and  he may at his will delegate it to men either mediately or  immediately�察�by a direct and express appointment�察�or mediately  through nature。  In the absence of all facts proving its  delegation direct and express�察�it must be assumed to be mediate�察 �through second causes。  The natural is always to be presumed�察�and  the supernatural is to be admitted only on conclusive proof。

The people of Israel had a supernatural vocation�察�and they  received their law�察�embracing their religious and civil  constitution and their ritual directly from God at the hand of  Moses�察�and various individuals from time to time appear to have  been specially called to be their judges�察�rulers�察�or kings。  Saul  was so called�察�and so was David。 David and his line appear�察�also�察 �to have been called not only to supplant Saul and his line�察�but  to have been supernaturally invested with the kingdom forever�察 �but it does not appear that the royal power with which David and  his line were invested was inamissible。  They lost it in the  Babylonish captivity�察�and never afterwards recovered it。  The  Asmonean princes were of another line�察�and when our Lord came the  sceptre was in the hands of Herod�察�an Idumean Or Edomite。  The  promise made�察�to David and 104                            his house is generally held by  Christian commentators to have received its fulfilment in the  everlasting spiritual royalty of the Messiah�察�sprung through Mary  from David's line。

The Christian Church is supernaturally constituted and  supernaturally governed�察�but the persons selected to exercise  powers supernaturally defined�察�from the Sovereign Pontiff down to  the humblest parish priest are selected and inducted into office  through human agency。  The Gentiles very generally claimed to  have received their laws from the gods�察�but it does not appear�察 �save in exceptional cases�察�that they claimed that their princes  were designated and held their powers by the direct and express  appointment of the god。  Save in the case of the Jews�察�and that  of the Church�察�there is no evidence that any particular  government exists or ever has existed by direct or express  appointment�察�or otherwise than by the action of the Creator  through second causes�察�or what is called his ordinary providence。   Except David and his line�察�there is no evidence of the express  grant by the Divine Sovereign to any individual or family�察�class  or caste of the government of any nation or country。  Even those  Christian princes who professed to reign ;by the grace of God�察─ �never claimed that they received their principalities  105                                                       from God  otherwise than through his ordinary providence�察�and meant by it  little more than an acknowledgment of their dependence on him�察 �their obligation to use their power according to his law and  their accountability to him for the use they make of it。

The doctrine is not favorable to human liberty�察�for it recognizes  no rights of man in face of civil society。  It consecrates  tyranny�察�and makes God the accomplice of the tyrant�察�if we  suppose all governments have actually existed by his express  appointment。  It puts the king in the place of God�察�and requires  us to worship in him the immediate representative of the Divine  Being。  Power is irresponsible and inamissible�察�and however it  may be abused�察�or however corrupt and oppressive may be its  exercise�察�there is no human redress。  Resistance to power is  resistance to God。  There is nothing for the people but passive  obedience and unreserved submission。  The doctrine�察�in fact�察 �denies all human government�察�and allows the people no voice in  the management of their own affairs�察�and gives no place for human  activity。  It stands opposed to all republicanism�察�and makes  power an hereditary and indefeasible right�察�not a trust which he  who holds it may forfeit�察�and of which he may be deprived if he  abuses it。





106 CHAPTER VI。

ORIGIN OF GOVERNMENTCONCLUDED。


VI。 The theory which derives the right of government from the  direct and express appointment of God is sometimes modified so as  to mean that civil authority is derived from God through the  spiritual authority。  The patriarch combined in his person both  authorities�察�and was in his own household both priest and king�察 �and so originally was in his own tribe the chief�察�and in his  kingdom the king。  When the two offices became separated is not  known。  In the time of Abraham they were still united。   Melchisedech�察�king of Salem�察�was both priest and king�察�and the  earliest historical records of kings present them as offering  sacrifices。  Even the Roman emperor was Pontifex Maximus as well  as Imperator�察�but that was so not because the two offices were  held to be inseparable�察�but because they were both conferred on  the same person by the republic。  In Egypt�察�in the time of Moses�察 �the royal authority and 107                         the priestly were separated and held by  different persons。  Moses�察�in his legislation for his nation�察 �separated them�察�and instituted a sacerdotal order or caste。  The  heads of tribes and the heads of families are�察�under his law�察 �princes�察�but not priests�察�and the priesthood is conferred on and  restricted to his own tribe of Levi�察�and more especially the  family of his own brother Aaron。

The priestly office by its own nature is superior to the kingly�察 �and in all primitive nations with a separate�察�organized  priesthood�察�whether a true priesthood or a corrupt�察�the priest is  held to be above the king�察�elects or establishes the law by which  is selected the temporal chief�察�and inducts him into his office�察 �as if he received his authority from God through the priesthood。   The Christian priesthood is not a caste�察�and is transmitted by  the election of grace�察�not as with the Israelites and all  sacerdotal nations�察�by natural Generation。  Like Him whose  priests they are�察�Christian priests are priests after the order  of Melchisedech�察�who was without priestly descent�察�without father  or mother of the priestly line。  But in being priests after the  order of Melchisedech�察�they are both priests and kings�察�as  Melchisedech was�察�and as was our Lord himself�察�to whom was given  by his 108        Father all power in heaven and in earth。  The Pope�察�or  Supreme Pontiff�察�is the vicar of our Lord on earth�察�his  representativethe representative not only of him who is our  invisible High´Priest�察�but of him who is King of kings and Lord  of lords�察�therefore of both the priestly and the kingly power。   Consequently�察�no one can have any mission to govern in the state  any more than in the church�察�unless derived from God directly or  indirectly through the Pope or Supreme Pontiff。  Many theologians  and canonists in the Middle Ages so held�察�and a few perhaps hold  so still。  The bulls and briefs of several Popes�察�as Gregory VII。�察 �Innocent Ill。�察�Gregory IX。�察�Innocent IV。�察�and Boniface VIII。�察 �have the appearance of favoring it。

At one period the greater part of the medieval kingdoms and  principalities were fiefs of the Holy See�察�and recognized the  Holy Father as their suzerain。  The Pope revived the imperial  diunity in the person of Charlemagne�察�and none could claim that  dignity in the Western world unless elected and crowned by him�察 �that is�察�un

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