the american republic-第34部分

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n　in　the　people　　themselves；　rendered　practicable　and　dictated　the　written　　constitution；　or　constitution　ordained　by　the　convention　and　　engrossed　on　parchment。　　It　only　expresses　in　the　government　the　　fact　which　pre…existed　in　the　national　organization　and　life。

This　division　of　the　powers　of　government　is　peculiar　to　the　　United　States；　and　is　an　effective　safeguard　against　both　feudal　　disintegration　and　Roman　centralism。　　Misled　by　their　prejudices　　and　peculiar　interests；　a　portion　of　the　people　of　the　United　　States；　pleading　in　their　justification　the　theory　of　State　　sovereignty；　attempted　disintegration；　secession；　and　national　　independence　separate　from　that　of　the　United　States；　but　the　　central　force　of　the　constitution　was　too　strong　for　them　to　　succeed。　　The　unity　of　the　nation　was　too　strong　to　be　　effectually　broken。　　No　doubt　the　reaction　against　secession　and　　disintegration　will　strengthen　the　tendency　to　centralism；　but　　centralism　can　succeed　no　better　than　disintegration　has　　succeeded　because　the　General　government　has　no　subsistentia；　no　　suppositum；　to　borrow　a　theological　term；　outside　or　independent　　of　the　States。　　The　particular　governments　are　stronger；　if　　there　be　any　difference；　to　protect　the　States　against　　centralism　than　the　General　government　is　to　protect　the　252　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Union　　against　disintegration；　and　after　swinging　for　a　time　too　far　　toward　one　extreme　and　then　too　far　toward　the　other；　the　public　　mind　will　recover　its　equilibrium；　and　the　government　move　on　in　　its　constitutional　path。

Republican　Rome　attempted　to　guard　against　excessive　centralism　　by　the　tribunitial　veto；　or　by　the　organization　of　a　negative　or　　obstructive　power。　　Mr。　Calhoun　thought　this　admirable；　and　　wished　to　effect　the　same　end　here；　where　it　is　secured　by　　other；　more　effective；　and　less　objectionable　means；　by　a　State　　veto　on　the　acts　of　Congress；　by　a　dual　executive；　and　by　　substituting　concurrent　for　numerical　majorities。　　Imperial　Rome　　gradually　swept　away　the　tribunitial　veto；　concentrated　all　　power　in　the　hands　of　the　emperor；　became　completely　　centralized；　and　fell。　　The　British　constitution　seeks　the　same　　end　by　substituting　estates　for　the　state；　and　establishing　a　　mixed　government；　in　which　monarchy；　aristocracy；　and　democracy　　temper；　check；　or　balance　each　other；　but　practically　the　　commons　estate　has　become　supreme；　and　the　nobility　govern　not　　in　the　house　of　lords；　and　can　really　influence　public　affairs　　only　through　the　house　of　commons。　　The　principle　of　the　British　　constitution　is　not　the　division　of　the　powers　of　government；　　but　the　an…　253　　　　　　　　　　　tagonism　of　estates；　or　rather　of　interests；　trusting　　to　the　obstructive　influence　of　that　antagonism　to　preserve　the　　government　from　pure　centralism。　　Hence　the　study　of　the　British　　statesman　is　to　manage　diverse　and　antagonistic　parties　and　　interests　so　as　to　gain　the　ability　to　act；　which　he　can　do　only　　by　intrigue；　cajolery；　bribery　in　one　form　or　another；　and　　corruption　of　every　sort。　　The　British　government　cannot　be　　carried　on　by　fair；　honest；　and　honorable　means；　any　more　than　　could　the　Roman　under　the　antagonism　created　by　the　tribunitial　　veto。　　The　French　tried　the　English　system　of　organized　　antagonism　in　1789；　as　a　cure　for　the　centralism　introduced　by　　Richelieu　and　Louis　XIV。；　and　again　under　the　Restoration　and　　Louis　Philippe；　and　called　it　the　system　of　constitutional　　guarantees；　but　they　could　never　manage　it；　and　they　have　taken　　refuge　in　unmitigated　centralism　under　Napoleon　III。；　who；　　however　well　disposed；　finds　no　means　in　the　constitution　of　the　　French　nation　of　tempering　it。　　The　English　system；　called　the　　constitutional；　and　sometimes　the　parliamentary　system；　will　not　　work　in　France；　and　indeed　works　really　well　nowhere。

The　American　system；　sometimes　called　the　Federal　system；　is　not　　founded　on　antagonism　254　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　of　classes；　estates；　or　interests；　and　is　　in　no　sense　a　system　of　checks　and　balances。　　It　needs　and　　tolerates　no　obstructive　forces。　　It　does　not　pit　section　　against　section；　the　States　severally　against　the　General　　government；　nor　the　General　government　against　the　State　　governments；　and　nothing　is　more　hurtful　than　the　attempt　to　　explain　it　and　work　it　on　the　principles　of　British　　constitutionalism。　　The　convention　created　no　antagonistic　　powers；　it　simply　divided　the　powers　of　government；　and　gave　　neither　to　the　General　government　nor　to　the　State　governments　　all　the　powers　of　government；　nor　in　any　instance　did　it　give　to　　the　two　governments　jurisdiction　in　the　same　matters。　Hence　each　　has　its　own　sphere；　in　which　it　can　move　on　without　colliding　　with　that　of　the　other。　　Each　is　independent　and　complete　in　　relation　to　its　own　work；　incomplete　and　dependent　on　the　other　　for　the　complete　work　of　government。

The　division　of　power　is　not　between　a　NATIONAL　government　and　　State　governments；　but　between　a　GENERAL　government　and　　particular　governments。　　The　General　government；　inasmuch　as　it　　extends　to　matters　common　to　all　the　States；　is　usually　called　　the　Government　of　the　United　States；　and　sometimes　the　Federal　　255　government；　to　distinguish　it　from　the　particular　or　State　　governments；　but　without　strict　propriety；　for　the　government　of　　the　United　States；　or　the　Federal　government；　means；　in　　strictness；　both　the　General　government　and　the　particular　　Governments；　since　neither　is　in　itself　the　complete　government　　of　the　country。　　The　General　government　has　authority　within　　each　of　the　States；　and　each　of　the　State　governments　has　　authority　in　the　Union。　　The　line　between　the　Union　and　the　　States　severally；　is　not　precisely　the　line　between　the　General　　government　and　the　particular　governments。　　As；　for　instance；　　the　General　government　lays　direct　taxes　on　the　people　of　the　　States；　and　collects　internal　revenue　within　them；　and　the　　citizens　of　a　particular　State；　and　none　others；　are　electors　of　　President　and　Vice…President　of　the　United　States；　and　　representatives　in　the　lower　house　of　Congress；　while　senators　　in　Congress　are　elected　by　the　State　legislatures　themselves。

The　line　that　distinguishes　the　two　governments　is　that　which　　distinguishes　the　general　relations　and　interests　from　the　　particular　relations　and　interests　of　the　people　of　the　United　　States。　　These　general　relations　and　interests　are　placed　under　　the　General　government；　which；　because　its　jurisdiction　is　　coextensive　with　the　256　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Union；　is　called　the　Government　of　the　　United　States；　the　particular　relations　and　interests　are　placed　　under　particular　governments；　which；　because　their　jurisdiction　　is　only　coextensive；　with　the　States　respectively；　are　called　　State　governments。　　The　General　government　governs　supremely　all　　the　people　of　the　United　States　and　Territories　belonging　to　the　　Union；　in　all　their　general　relations　and　interests；　or　　relations　and　interests　common　alike　to　them　all；　the　particular　　or　State　government　governs　supremely　the　people　of　a　particular　　State；　as　Massachusetts；　New　York；　or　New　Jersey；　in　all　that　　pertains　to　their　particular　or　private　rights；　relations；　and　　interests。　　The　powers　of　each　are　equally　sovereign；　and　　neither　are　derived　from　the　other。　　The　State　governments　are　　not　subordinate　to　the　General　government；　nor　the　General　　government　to　the　State　governments。　　They　are　co…ordinate　　governments；　each　standing　on　the　same　level；　and　deriving　its　　powers　from　the　same　sovereign　authority。　　In　their　respective　　spheres　neither　yields　to　the　other。　　In　relation　to　the　matters　　within　its　jurisdiction；　each　government　is　independent　and　　supreme　in　regard　of　the　other；　and　subject　only　to　the　　convention。

257　The　powers　of　the　General　government　are　the　power

To　lay　and　collect　taxes；　duties；　imposts；　and　excises；　to　pay　　the　debts　and　provide　for　the　general　welfare　of　the　United　　States；　to　borrow　money　on　the　credit　of　the　United　States；　to　　regulate　commerce　with　foreign　nations；　among　the　several　　States；　and　with　the　Indian　tribes；　to　establish　a　uniform　rule　　of　naturalization；　and　uniform　laws　on　the　subject　of　　bankruptcies　throughout　the　United　States；　to　coin　money　and　　regulate　the　value　thereof；　and　fix　the　standard　of　weights　and　　measures；　to　provide　for　the　punishment　of　counterfeiting　the　　securities　and　current　coin　of　the　United　States；　to　establish　　post…offices　and　post…roads；　to　promote　the　progress　of　science　　and　of　the　useful　arts；　by　securing　for　limited　times　to　authors　　and　inventors　the　exclusive　right　to　their　respective　writings　　and　discoveries；　to　define　and　punish　piracies　and　felonies　　committed　on　the　high　seas；　and　offences　against　the　law　of　　nations；　to　declare　war；　grant　letters　of　marque　and　reprisal；　　and　make　rules　concerning　captures　on　land　and　water；　to　raise　　and　support　armies；　to　provide　and　maintain　a　navy；　to　make　　rules　for　the　government　of　the　land　and　naval　forces；　to　　provide　for　calling　forth　the　militia　to　　258　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　execute　the　laws　of　the　　Union；　suppress　insurrections；　and　repel　invasions；　to　provide　　for　organizing；　arming；　and　disciplining　the　militia；　and　of　　governing　such　part　of　them　as　may　be　employed　in　the　service　of　　the　United　States；　to　exercise　exclusive　legislation　in　all　　cases　whatsoever　over　such　district；　not　exceeding　ten　miles　　square；　as　may　by　cession　of　particular　States　and　the　　acceptance　of　Congress；　become　the　seat　of　the　government　of　the　　United　States；　and　to　exercise　a　like　authority　over　all　places　　purchased　by　the　consent　of　the　legislature　of　the　State　in　　which　the　same　shall　be；　for　the　erection　of　forts；　magazines；　　arsenals；　dock…yards；　and　other　needful　buildings；　and　to　make　　all　laws　which　shall　be　necessary　and　proper　for　carrying　into　　execution　the　foregoing　powers；　and　all　other　powers　vested　by　　this　constitution　in　the　government　of　the　United　States；　or　in　　any　department　or　office　thereof。

In　addition　to　these；　the　General　government　is　clothed　with　the　　treaty…making　power；　and　the　whole　charge　of　the　foreign　　relations　of　the　country；　with　power　to　admit　new　States　into　　the　U